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Query: UMLS:C0029713 (immaturity)
 4,335 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The most outstanding pathological changes of perinatal babies and children, based on the review of the autopsy files in the 1st Affiliated Hospital of West China University of Medical Sciences, are lymphocytic depletion, and reticuloepithelial cell swelling and/or fusiform malformation in the cortex, while in the medulla apoptosis is more prominent. We suppose that these alterations are due to immaturity of cortical thymocytes, and in the diseased condition, they are easily affected by extraordinary factors, especially the influence of corticosterone inducing acute severe necrosis, so the number of lymphocytes are obviously diminished. But, in the medulla, as intact mature lymphocytes exist, physiological phenomenon such as apoptosis is rather prominent in it. While in the medulla, Hassall's corpuscles have various characteristic changes, such as cornification, calcification, fusion, cystic change and disintegration. Besides, we observed a new alteration in the thymus defined as vacuolization. All the above pathological changes reached the peak in the 28- day group; there after, they might become either worse or better according to the condition of the disease and growth of the body. However, these are still problems to be further studied separately.
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PMID:[Thymus pathological changes in perinatal babies and children]. 259 18

For the investigation of whether Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) is able to transform in vivo lymphocytes other than those of the B-cell lineage, newborn BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were given an injection of A-MuLV directly into the thymus. Thymic lymphomas appeared with a short latent period of 4-5 weeks in BALB/c mice and 8 weeks in C57BL/6 mice. Cell lines derived from some thymic lymphomas presented a very immature phenotype and did not express cellular markers of either T-cells (Thy 1.2, Lyt 1.2, and Lyt 2.2) or B-cells (cytoplasmic IgM) even after treatment with several differentiation inducers. Molecular analysis showed that T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chain genes were never rearranged; in one case only, rearrangement of TCR gamma chain genes could be demonstrated, confirming the immaturity of the presumptive T-cell lines studied. Furthermore, the cell lines consistently carried diversity (D)-joining (J) but not variable (V)-D-J rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. On the whole, these findings suggest that following intrathymic A-MuLV injection neoplastic transformation does involve lymphocytes possibly of T-cell lineage, at a very early stage of differentiation.
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PMID:Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced thymic lymphomas: transformation of a primitive lymphoid precursor. 311 Apr 76

Reduced thymus size and fetal weight were seen in 18-day old fetuses of C57BL/6 female mice fed a complete liquid diet containing 25% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) from gestational day 0 to 18. Thymocytes from fetuses from the 25% EDC diet group and from pair-fed and ad-lib control diet groups were compared by flow cytometry for expression of thymocyte differentiation antigens. The proportions of L3T4-positive and Lyt-2-positive thymus cells were significantly reduced in alcohol-exposed fetuses compared to controls; however, the number of Thy-l-positive cells did not differ among any of the groups. Histologically, the thymus from 25% EDC fetal mice failed to show the delineation between cortex and medulla that was seen in the thymuses of control fetuses. These results indicate that thymus immaturity is one of the accompanying features of fetal alcohol syndrome.
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PMID:Flow cytometric and histological analysis of mouse thymus in fetal alcohol syndrome. 326 56

The predominant cell type in the thymus expresses both of the function-associated T cell surface markers, CD4 and CD8, but CD4+ CD8+ cells are rare or absent outside the thymus. Double expression has therefore been assumed to be an indication of immaturity. However, recent reports have suggested that CD4+ CD8+ cells can appear in cultures of activated mature cells. We have therefore activated human peripheral blood lymphocytes and mouse spleen cells, lymph node cells, and cortisone-resistant thymocytes using a number of different stimulation regimes, and we have analyzed them at various times for CD4 and CD8 expression. In all cases, upon analysis of cultured cells by flow cytometry, CD4+ CD8+ cells were rare. A combination of microscopic analysis, cell sorting followed by microscopic analysis, and careful staining controls demonstrated that even when flow cytometry showed some CD4+ CD8+ cells, most of these were artifacts in the form of doublets or clumps of single positive cells or dead cells. Taking this into account, CD4+ CD8+ cells made up less than 1% in the mouse and less than 3% in the human T cell cultures at any time periods. We therefore found no evidence for the generation of large numbers of CD4+ CD8+ cells in cultures of mouse or human T cells.
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PMID:CD4+ CD8+ cells are rare among in vitro activated mouse or human T lymphocytes. 326 16

Chronic diseases of the thymus, lungs and kidneys observed in children are viewed basing on analysis of the malformations detected in the children at tissue and cellular structural level, using autopsy and biopsy evidence. Multiple modality investigation was focused on dysplasia, hypoplasia and dyschronism. Dysplasia was characterized by congenital and acquired forms similar in the development and presentation while dyschronism by enhancement or inhibition of structural development seen in immaturity or premature postnatal involution. Immaturity shows the possibility of further development and structural and functional patency. The occurrence of tissue immaturity is not rare, being found in one or many organs of the child. Tissue malformations are chronic inflammation risk factors.
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PMID:[The problem of tissue developmental defects in childhood]. 341 15

The T cell antigen receptor is likely to play a role in both positive and negative selection in the thymus. Three populations of thymocytes can be distinguished by the level of expression of the CD3-alpha/beta-chain heterodimer of the T cell antigen receptor (CD3/Ti alpha/beta) complex. Cells which fail to express these receptors or express low levels of receptors are contained in a population of thymocytes which express low levels of the CD5 antigen and are predominantly CD4+/CD8+. Thus, these cells appear to be relatively immature phenotypically. In contrast, the cells which express high levels of CD3/Ti alpha/beta co-express high levels of CD5 and are predominantly contained in the more mature single positive cells which express either CD4 or CD8. With the calcium-sensitive dye, Indo-1, and immunofluorescence, we demonstrated that, despite the relative phenotypic immaturity of cells which express low levels of CD3/Ti alpha/beta, these antigen receptors are able to mediate transmembrane signaling when stimulated with CD3 monoclonal antibodies. Although increases in calcium were observed in these CD3/Ti alpha/beta-low expressing cells in response to anti-CD3, no proliferative response was observed, even in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate. Proliferative responses were observed in the more mature cells which express high levels of CD3/Ti alpha/beta. These results suggest that, rather than a defect in the functional capability of the antigen receptor complex to mediate transmembrane signaling events, cellular responses to signals generated by the antigen receptor may differ at various stages of thymocyte development.
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PMID:Functional competency of T cell antigen receptors in human thymus. 350 Feb 9

Development of cell-mediated immunity in young ruminants appears to be under the influence of the thymus. In sheep, prenatal removal of the thymus has little effect on postnatal growth of lambs. However, lambs are immunodeficient compared with normal controls, and they exhibit depressed delayed hypersensitive skin responses to antigens such as tuberculin purified protein derivative. Lymphopenia accompanying the immunodeficiency appears to be due to depletion of a particular population of T-cells (thymus derived) that have reduced response to mitogens and decreased numbers as the lamb matures. Young lambs are less responsive than adult sheep to vaccination with irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae. The basis of this lowered responsiveness appears to be not only the immaturity of the cell-mediated immune response but also the segregation of the lambs into high and low responders. This immune responsiveness is possibly under the genetic control of the ovine major histocompatibility complex. It may be possible to select and breed sheep and cattle for responsiveness to vaccination against parasitic, viral, and bacterial diseases.
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PMID:Development of cell-mediated immunity in young ruminants. 388 81

The effect of an infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus on fetal bovine tissues as well as the tissue-localization of viral antigen are described. Four bovine fetuses, 120-165 days of gestation, were inoculated in utero with a second passage virus strain. Lymphoid tissues were studied by light and electron microscopy. The infection induced precocious development of the secondary lymphoid organs. Characteristic changes were seen in postcapillary venules, cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and lymphoid follicles. In all four fetuses the thymus was hypoplastic. In three fetuses this implicated a morphological immaturity, but no actual pathological alterations. In the fourth fetus, the hypoplasia was caused by necrosis and depletion of lymphocytes, attended by infiltration of macrophages. Histopathological changes were also noted in the cerebellum of three fetuses, consisting of necrosis in and depletion of the external germ layer and in the skin and mucous membranes of all four fetuses. The viral antigen was present in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, primarily in the lymphoid tissues. The infection was further demonstrated in the affected cerebelli.
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PMID:Experimental fetal infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. II. Morphological reactions and distribution of viral antigen. 629 88

Both juvenile (14-16 week) and adult (18 month) Ambystoma mexicanum reject skin allografts from adult Ambystoma more speedily than they reject such grafts from juvenile axolotls. Donor-specific histocompatibility antigen, prepared from splenocytes, is more effective in inhibiting adult host splenocyte migration when the antigen is prepared from spleen cells from adult, rather than from juvenile Ambystoma. The thymus is fully developed in juvenile Ambystoma, suggesting that the delayed kinetics of rejection of juvenile allografts reflects immaturity in the expression of histocompatibility antigens to donor skin cells.
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PMID:Maturation of transplantation antigens in Ambystoma mexicanum. 634 Nov 9

Double labelled lymphocytes were prevalent in the thymus of a 32-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis. The simultaneous presence of both E and C3b surface receptors was demonstrated. Focal paranuclear acid phosphatase activity of the cells supported their T cell origin. Histological analysis revealed a hyperplastic thymus with germinal centres in one lobe and an unusual transition to "thymoma-like" diffuse sheets of thymocytes and large thymic epithelial cells in the other lobe. Immunological studies of isolated cells from the "thymoma-like" region revealed a high percentage of E rosettes (96%), EAC rosettes (87%) and IgG-EA rosettes (60%). The large number of "active" rosettes (94%) indicated high avidity of receptors for sheep red blood cells. The postoperative accumulation of acid phosphatase positive T cells with C3b surface receptors in the peripheral blood was striking. These characteristics suggest that this cell population represents an activated T subset (TG) with a certain degree of immaturity similar to a particular stage of foetal T cell development (prothymocytes).
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PMID:Double labelled T suppressor lymphocytes in the thymus of a patient with myasthenia gravis: morphological and immunological characteristics. 646 69


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