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Query: UMLS:C0029463 (osteosarcoma)
 16,637 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A mouse myogenic determination gene, MyoD1, was transfected into the human osteogenic sarcoma cell line TE85. Several stably transfected clones were isolated which, at low frequencies, formed multinucleated cells with the appearance of skeletal myotubes. Southern blot analysis confirmed the integration of multiple copies of the mouse MyoD1 gene, and Northern analysis and immunofluorescence confirmed its expression in the transfectants. Characterization of the transfectants showed that they expressed immunologically detectable myosin, desmin, mRNA for myogenin, and the delta subunit of the acetylcholine receptor. The cells assembled a functional contractile apparatus since they contracted in response to acetylcholine added to the culture medium. The presence of MyoD1 protein did not abrogate the expression of two genes active in bone cells but not in muscle cells. The transfected cells therefore displayed a chimeric phenotype by expressing simultaneously bone and muscle genes. Interestingly, treatment of the MyoD1 transfected cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in a substantial increase in the frequency of myogenic conversion. Thus, the methylation inhibitor increased the ability of MyoD1 to function as a trans-acting factor and activate the muscle phenotype.
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PMID:Potentiation of MyoD1 activity by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. 170 77

We reviewed nine primary cardiac sarcomas with osteosarcomatous differentiation. The patients' ages ranged from 24 to 67 (mean 38 years). All tumors were surgical specimens from the left atrium; many were clinically diagnosed as atypical myxomas. In eight cases complete excisions were attempted, one requiring reconstruction with grafting; one tumor was biopsied only. Two tumors extended into the pulmonary veins. Three patients died within 2 weeks after the initial surgery from postoperative complications; five patients had metastatic disease or died from disease; and one patient was lost to follow-up. Metastatic sites included lungs, thyroid, and skin. In addition to osteosarcoma, four tumors showed chondroid differentiation, three had osteoclastic cells, four had a prominent spindle cell component, and one had myxoid areas. All tumors showed immunohistochemical positivity for vimentin; stains for cytokeratin and desmin were negative. S-100 positivity was demonstrated in chondrosarcomatous areas of one tumor. We conclude that most cardiac osteosarcomas are clinically mistaken for myxomas because of location in the left atrium. They are larger, tend to infiltrate, and are very aggressive neoplasms. Histologically a variety of patterns may be encountered in addition to the osteosarcoma.
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PMID:Osteosarcomas of the heart. 170 3

True carcinosarcoma of the prostate is a rare neoplasm, with only 9 cases well documented by immunocytochemistry and ultrastructural examination. We report a case of an unresectable pelvic tumor studied at autopsy. The primary prostatic neoplasm and pulmonary metastases were composed of well differentiated adenocarcinoma admixed with foci of leiomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma. The sarcomatous components showed reactivity with vimentin and desmin, did not express prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and contained myofilaments on electron microscopic examination. Positive staining of the carcinomatous component for PAP and PSA was noted. These findings confirm the mixed epithelial and mesenchymal components in primary and metastatic sites, and support the diagnosis of true prostatic carcinosarcoma.
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PMID:Prostatic carcinosarcoma: case report and review of literature. 194 96

Carcinosarcomas of the prostate gland are exceedingly rare, and previous reports exist on only seven of these neoplasms. The authors studied two such tumors, which occurred in 63- and 69-year-old patients. One of them had osseous metastases develop, which were treated unsuccessfully by irradiation and diethylstilbestrol therapy. The other patient is free of disease 15 months after radical prostatectomy. Both tumors contained an intimate mixture of carcinoma and sarcoma; patient 1 displayed foci of chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma, whereas patient 2 exhibited areas of chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and angiosarcoma. The phenotypic nature of these tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemical studies, showing reactivity for vimentin, S-100 protein, desmin, actin, myoglobin, or Ulex europaeus I agglutinin. Conversely, the sarcomatous components lacked prostate-specific antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, and cytokeratin, whereas carcinomatous elements expressed these three markers. The authors' data support the existence of true carcinosarcomas of the prostate, that is, malignant neoplasms with conjoint epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. The question of whether prostatic carcinosarcoma is an entity that is totally distinct from sarcomatoid or metaplastic carcinoma remains problematic.
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PMID:Prostatic carcinosarcomas. Clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical data on two cases, with a review of the literature. 247 43

Two patients developed sinonasal small-cell neoplasms that arose 22 years and 37 years, respectively, following radiotherapy for bilateral retinoblastomas. The tumors were composed of small cells with scant cytoplasm and had a few scattered Homer-Wright rosettes. Immunohistochemically, one tumor was positive for keratin (CAM 5.2 and AE1/AE3), epithelial membrane antigen, and neuron-specific enolase. The other neoplasm was immunoreactive for keratin (CAM 5.2 only) and neuron-specific enolase; it also had focal immunopositivity for S-100 protein, desmin, and muscle-specific actin. Both were negative for CEA, vimentin, melanocyte-specific antigen (HMB45), chromogranin A, synaptophysin, Leu-7, 200 kd neurofilament, and retinal S-antigen. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, the patients died of metastatic tumor 7 months and 10 months following their initial diagnosis, respectively. Although osteosarcoma is the most frequent second cancer following bilateral retinoblastomas, some patients develop clinically aggressive sinonasal small-cell tumors that are difficult to place into conventional classifications. Both of our cases showed evidence of multidirectional differentiation; one tumor labeled with epithelial and neural markers, and the other expressed epithelial, neural, and myogenous antigens.
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PMID:Unusual sinonasal small-cell neoplasms following radiotherapy for bilateral retinoblastomas. 267 54

The original diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RM) was critically evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy in a retrospective series of 25 patients older than 40 years of age. Only two of the 25 patients (8%) were verified to have RM by strict criteria. By light microscopy, the true RM had a spindle or round cell appearance and were subtyped as embryonal RM, although some pleomorphism was present. Sarcomeric differentiation was revealed by electron microscopy, and desmin and muscle actin by immunohistochemistry. Both of these tumors arose in the urogenital organs, one in the urinary bladder and the other in the prostatic region. Both patients died within 3 months of the diagnosis. The other tumors not verified as RM were pleomorphic or spindle cell sarcomas (n = 17), ten of which were considered to represent malignant fibrous histiocytoma, or had desmin and/or muscle actin, and were verified as leiomyosarcomas by electron microscopy (n = 2). There were single cases of undifferentiated carcinoma, probable neuroendocrine carcinoma, extraskeletal osteosarcoma, and pleomorphic liposarcoma. The average survival for the non-RM tumor patients was 32 months. The results show that true RM do occur in the elderly, but they are very rare. Such tumors may have clinicopathologic properties similar to embryonal RM in children both in regard to the site of origin and to the histologic picture. True RM seems to carry a worse prognosis than other pleomorphic sarcomas, and this emphasizes the need for accurate diagnosis.
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PMID:Rhabdomyosarcoma in patients older than 40 years of age. 316 18

Undifferentiated malignant tumors of the oral cavity were diagnosed in six dogs under 2 years of age. The dogs were examined because of pain and swelling of the upper molar or premolar areas. In all six dogs, the tumors were initially misdiagnosed as infections or carnasal abscesses. The differential diagnosis included malignant lymphoma, osteosarcoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and malignant melanoma. Electron microscopy of three neoplasms showed that there were no specific features characteristic of carcinoma or sarcoma. Immunoperoxidase studies for cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen, actin, myosin, desmin, and vimentin were also negative. We conclude that these tumors be designated undifferentiated malignant tumors of the oral cavity until histogenesis is established.
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PMID:A clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study of undifferentiated malignant tumors of the oral cavity in dogs. 396 83

Seventy-nine cases of small round cell tumors involving bone were studied in an attempt to learn whether the immunohistochemical features of the lesions might allow distinction of small cell osteosarcoma from other potential differential diagnostic considerations, including Ewing's sarcoma, atypical Ewing's sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, lymphoma, and the Askin tumor. The tissues studied were all formalin-fixed, decalcified, paraffin sections from patients between the ages of 16 and 48 years. With one exception (a small cell osteosarcoma), none of the lesions was cytokeratin positive. Moreover, none of the lesions was epithelial membrane antigen, desmin, factor VIII-related antigen, synaptophysin, or Leu-M1 positive. Accordingly, strong positivity for these antibodies in a majority of tumor cells should prompt inclusion of tumor types other than those listed above in the differential diagnosis. Vimentin positivity was seen in a majority of the tumors studied irrespective of histologic type. Scattered tumor cells (< 25%) showed positivity with antibodies to muscle-specific actin and smooth muscle actin in several of the different tumor types studied. No lesions other than lymphoma were leukocyte-common antigen (LCA) positive; all but two lymphomas were LCA positive, while all but one lymphoma were L26 positive. One (lymphoblastic) lymphoma was LCA and L26 negative. S-100, neuron-specific enolase, and Leu-7 did not prove to be specific for "neural-associated" tumors, but rather appeared in some small cell osteosarcomas, Ewing's sarcomas, atypical Ewing's sarcomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, mesenchymal chondrosarcomas, lymphomas, and Askin tumors. Antibody to cell surface antigen HBA71 was positive in three Ewing's sarcomas (two typical and one atypical) and negative in small cell osteosarcoma (three cases), mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (two cases), and lymphoma (one case). While some guidance may be derived from analysis of immunohistochemical staining patterns in a given lesion, the results reported in the present study do not suggest that routine immunohistochemistry alone will permit distinction of these small cell tumors of bone from one another. The value of immunohistochemical studies appears to lie particularly in the use of antibodies to LCA and S-100 protein to distinguish lymphoma and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, and perhaps antibody to HBA71 to distinguish neural family lesions (such as Ewing's sarcoma), from other small cell tumors, such as small cell osteosarcoma.
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PMID:Small cell osteosarcoma of bone: an immunohistochemical study with differential diagnostic considerations. 816 78

Eight cases of leiomyosarcoma with osteoclast-like giant cells, arising in deep soft tissue, and that mimicked closely the "giant cell variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)," have been studied morphologically and immunohistochemically. The age of the patients ranged from 7 to 88 years (mean, 66.2 years; median, 74 years); five were female patients. Three lesions arose in the lower limbs, two in the buttock, and one each in the shoulder, chest wall, and the floor of the mouth. Follow-up in one case revealed a local recurrence and in two cases systemic metastases. All cases showed, at least focally, interwoven spindle cell fascicles, with the cytologic features of smooth muscle cells, as well as strong positivity for alpha-smooth-muscle actin, muscle actin, and desmin. The morphologically benign osteoclast-like giant cells expressed CD68 but failed to stain with myogenic markers. The association of leiomyosarcoma with prominent osteoclast-like giant cells is not as uncommon as generally believed, being evident in 8.7% of the deep-seated nonvisceral leiomyosarcomas that we have studied. These results provide good evidence for myogenic differentiation in at least a subset of those tumors with morphologic features currently classified as the giant cell variant of MFH. Considering that at least some other reported cases of giant cell MFH appear to be a variant of extraskeletal osteosarcoma, we would suggest that lesions with this distinctive pattern should be more carefully classified according to their apparent line of differentiation.
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PMID:Leiomyosarcoma with prominent osteoclast-like giant cells. Analysis of eight cases closely mimicking the so-called giant cell variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. 769 55

Surgical submissions from canine splenectomy cases spanning a 3-year period (1988-1990) were evaluated. Eighty seven neoplasms of the spleen considered to be of nonangiomatous and nonlymphomatous origin were selected for morphologic classification, mitotic index determination, immunohistochemical analysis, and patient survival determination. In 76/87 cases, patient survival information was available, and the mitotic index was determined in 83/87 cases. Immunohistochemistry for selected antigens (vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, myosin, and factor VIII-related antigen) was performed in 58/87 of the cases. Morphologic classification of these lesions in standard HE preparations yielded the following neoplastic groups: fibrosarcoma (19/87), undifferentiated sarcoma (19/87), leiomyosarcoma (14/87), osteosarcoma (8/87), mesenchymoma (7/87), myxosarcoma (6/87), histiocytic sarcoma (6/87), leiomyoma (3/87), lipoma-myelolipoma (2/87), liposarcoma (2/87), and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (1/87). A lack of distinct morphologic characteristics among many of the neoplasms that were classified as either fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, or undifferentiated sarcoma contrasted these groups with the relatively unambiguous features that distinguished the other sarcoma groups. Using immunohistochemical staining for muscle-specific antigens (desmin, smooth muscle actin, and myosin), specific staining often overlapped extensively within the neoplastic groups of fibrosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, and undifferentiated sarcomas, suggesting either ambiguous morphologic findings or the possibility of a common histogenesis from smooth muscle trabeculae or a distinct population of splenic myofibroblasts. The biological behavior of all tumors examined could be placed into three categories of patient survival: (1) benign, noninvasive tumors (leiomyoma, lipoma) with prolonged survival intervals; (2) malignant tumors (fibrosarcoma, undifferentiated sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, myxosarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, and liposarcoma), showing severely truncated survival (median 4 months with 80-100% mortality after 12 months; and (3) intermediate survival periods (median 12 months with 50% 1 year survival) attributed to a single group of neoplasm, the mesenchymomas. The biological behavior of primary splenic nonangiomatous, nonlymphomatous sarcomas was most closely correlated with observed mitotic index. Splenic neoplasms of this type with a mitotic index < 9 showed significantly (P < 0.0001) longer survival intervals than those with an index > 9. With the exception of osteosarcoma, all anatomically defined tumor groups contained one or more specimens with a mitotic index < 9. The clinical prognosis given for splenic sarcomas should be modified according to the mitotic index as a predictive value for patient survival.
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PMID:Primary mesenchymal (nonangiomatous/nonlymphomatous) neoplasms occurring in the canine spleen: anatomic classification, immunohistochemistry, and mitotic activity correlated with patient survival. 814 Jul 24


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