Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0029463 (osteosarcoma)
 16,637 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some locally advanced neoplastic diseases (i.e. head and neck cancer, breast cancer and osteogenic sarcoma), benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a resultant enhanced operability and a longer disease-free survival. The pharmacological study of the tissue distribution of adriamycin in patients affected by locally advanced breast cancer has shown a preferable tropism of the drug toward the primary tumor and axillary lymph nodes. Median concentrations of the drug in the tumor were: 9.68 micrograms/gr at 30 minutes, 8.71 micrograms/gr at 24 hours and 6.44 micrograms/gr at 48 hours. Median concentration in lymph nodes at 48 hours was 10.80 in normal and 16.62 in metastatic. Lower concentrations were found at 48 hours in the mammary gland (mean 1.72 micrograms/gr), skin (mean 0.59 micrograms/gr) and in muscle tissue (mean 1.83 micrograms/gr in normal and 2.41 micrograms/gr in metastatic). As regards acute toxicity, we observed that grade II-III leukopenia was associated with longer plasmatic T1/2 beta (3 out of 6 patients) and that grade II mucositis was related to high plasma AUC values (3 out of 6 patients). Nausea and vomiting and alopecia seem to be unrelated to plasma pharmacokinetics parameters. After a median follow-up of 36 months it is suggestive that high drug concentrations in carcinoma and in metastatic lymph nodes may be predictive of longer disease-free survival and overall survival. These data give a further rationale for the use of polychemotherapies containing adriamycin in the pre-operative treatment of locally advanced breast cancer.
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PMID:A pharmacological rationale for neoadjuvant chemotherapy with adriamycin in locally advanced breast cancer. 233 26

Pulmonary resection for metastatic disease in 341 patients resulted in a cumulative survival rate of 36.6% at 5 years and 26.6% at 10 years with an operative mortality of 0.9%. 5-year survival rate was 44.3% in colorectal carcinoma (n = 85), 36.2% in cervical cancer of uterus (n = 35), 40.6% in renal cell carcinoma (n = 32), 50.3% in breast cancer (n = 23), 50.0% in testicular cancer (n = 16), 17.9% in osteosarcoma (n = 33), 34.1% in soft part sarcoma (n = 38). The patients with resected metastatic pulmonary lesions from colorectal and renal cancer showed a good 5-year survival, and then the survival decreased gradually. On the other hand, the survival for testicular and breast cancer, osteosarcoma and soft part sarcoma decreased rapidly in the first 2 to 3 years, but a plateau was reached. Each primary malignancy should be analyzed individually because of the differences of their biologic behaviors. Significant factors influencing survival were (1) patients selection for pulmonary resection, (2) the biologic growth rate of each primary malignancies, and (3) effectiveness of chemotherapy for primary malignancies. Presumably, a good 5-year survival rate after thoracotomy would be a reflection of a length bias, caused by the biologic behavior of the metastatic pulmonary disease. The true benefit for the surgical approaches to metastatic neoplasm of the lung are still controversial.
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PMID:[Surgical resection of metastatic neoplasms of the lung]. 234 92

In this immunocytochemical study we have probed a number of human bone cell types and bone preparations for the presence of the estrogen receptor (ER) with two distinct monoclonal antibodies. Using a well-validated antibody (H222) that recognizes human ER and standard peroxidase-antiperoxidase methodology, we were unable to demonstrate nuclear staining for ER in cultured primary or transformed human bone-derived cells or in fetal bone sections. Attempts to visualize ER in osteosarcoma cell lines (TE85C and HTB96) using a silver enhancement procedure were also unsuccessful. Additionally, we failed to detect immunocytochemical staining for the progesterone receptor (using monoclonal antibody mPR1) in control or estrogen-treated human bone cell cultures. Estrogen and progesterone receptor staining was readily detectable in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. In contrast, with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 29 kDa cytoplasmic component (p29) closely related to human ER, we observed specific staining in all the osteoblastlike cells studied. Cytoplasmic staining for this p29 antigen was most intense in primary cultures of human bone-derived cells. It is possible that the relatively abundant but as yet undefined p29 antigen may act as a sensitive marker for the presence of ER in cells at levels below the detection limit of the anti-ER monoclonal antibody. If so, our results are consistent with the presence of ER in osteoblastlike cells at very low concentrations.
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PMID:Estrogen receptors and human bone cells: immunocytochemical studies. 247 30

Ophthalmologists and human geneticists share a long standing interest in hereditary diseases and anomalies of the eye. Many of the primary genetic eye diseases are known, as ophthalmic symptoms are frequently part of a pleiotropic gene effect or the eye is affected secondarily. Progress in human genetics has also improved the understanding of genetic eye diseases. This can be demonstrated in the analysis of the function of color-vision genes and their abnormalities as well as the retinoblastoma gene. A line can be drawn from early formal analysis of pedigrees to cytogenetic mapping and, finally DNA analysis and sequencing of the involved genes. These advances have not only led to theoretical insights but also have practical applications where the determination of risk is concerned or prenatal diagnosis, genetic counselling, preventive measures and guidance. The retinoblastoma gene has become an important model for a tumor suppressor gene and tumorigenesis in general. Its influence on other types of tumors, such as osteosarcoma and breast cancer must be clarified. Sequencing of the gene opens the possibility of reconstructing the primary gene product by "reverse genetics" and of analyzing its mode of action. DNA analysis has been extended to an increasing number of eye diseases. Precise clinical and genetic analysis and diagnosis are of primary importance, however, for progress in this field.
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PMID:[Important progress for the ophthalmologist in basic genetic research]. 256 90

The potential impact of the environmental pollutants on human health can be evaluated by the laboratory analysis of the environmental samples or by the measurement of the biological effects on indigenous populations and/or specific test organisms placed in the environment to be monitored. A canary in a cage, used by 19th century miners as a biological indicator for rising levels of toxic gases, is a classical example of in situ hazard identification. The induced toxic effects are often the result of synergistic and antagonistic interactions among various physical and chemical factors that are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory. Therefore, conceivably the biological effects measured on or near the impacted site have greater relevancy for hazard assessment to man than from the data derived from the environmental samples analyzed in the lab. The organisms most commonly employed for the assessment of mutagenicity under real-world conditions are: (1) flowering plants, (2) wild and captive mammals, and (3) aquatic vertebrates. Plant species such as Tradescantia paludosa, Zea mays, and Osmunda regalis have been used for monitoring ambient air quality around several major industrial cities in the U.S.A., nuclear power plants, and industrial waste sites, and also for the assessment of potential health effects of municipal sewage sludges. Domestic animals such as dogs can be used as sentinels to provide information on the effects of contaminants in the environment and have been used to a limited extent to evaluate the environmental influences on the occurrence of breast cancer and osteosarcoma. Cytogenetic analysis from feral and wild animals has been employed for assessing the health hazards and prioritizing the clean-up efforts at hazardous waste sites. Aquatic animals have been used more often than terrestrial animals or plants to identify and characterize the genotoxic effects of environmental pollution. Since 1970, a number of studies has been reported on the mutagenic and neoplastic effects on aquatic animals from coastal areas and continental rivers, lakes, and ponds. The limitations of in situ environmental assessment are lack of control over the physical environmental components, inherent variability and interactions of test organisms, lack of control of exposure doses, and difficulty of finding concurrent experimental controls. Nevertheless, flowering plants, terrestrial, and aquatic animals may serve as useful sentinels and biomarkers of environmental pollution.
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PMID:In situ assessment of genotoxic hazards of environmental pollution. 265 78

The paper discusses the results of combination chemotherapy of 652 patients using platinum derivatives. The treatment proved effective in patients with metastatic tumors (79.7%), ovarian cancer (71.2%) and breast carcinoma (71.2%). Longer survival was obtained in cases of complete regression of ovarian tumor and in effectively treated patients with breast cancer. Response was registered in 30.8% of cases of osteogenic sarcoma. Application of cisplatin in chemoradiation treatment for inoperable bladder cancer resulted in regression of tumor in 57.4%. Literature data on some newly developed platinum derivatives undergoing phase-I and -II clinical trials outside the USSR are discussed.
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PMID:[Cisplatin (platidiam) and the prospects for using complex platinum compounds in the clinical chemotherapy of malignant tumors]. 270 15

Complete inactivation of the human retinoblastoma gene (RB) is believed to be an essential step in tumorigenesis of several different cancers. To provide a framework for understanding inactivation mechanisms, the structure of RB was delineated. The RB transcript is encoded in 27 exons dispersed over about 200 kilobases (kb) of genomic DNA. The length of individual exons ranges from 31 to 1889 base pairs (bp). The largest intron spans greater than 60 kb and the smallest one has only 80 bp. Deletion of exons 13-17 is frequently observed in various types of tumors, including retinoblastoma, breast cancer, and osteosarcoma, and the presence of a potential "hot spot" for recombination in the region is predicted. A putative "leucine-zipper" motif is exclusively encoded by exon 20. The detailed RB structure presented here should prove useful in defining potential functional domains of its encoded protein. Transcription of RB is initiated at multiple positions and the sequences surrounding the initiation sites have a high G + C content. A typical upstream TATA box is not present. Localization of the RB promoter region was accomplished by utilizing a heterologous expression system containing a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Deletion analysis revealed that a region as small as 70 bp is sufficient for RB promoter activity, similar to other previously characterized G + C-rich gene promoters. Several direct repeats and possible stem-and-loop structures are found in the promoter region. No enhancer element was detected within the 7.3 kb of upstream sequence studied. Several features of the RB promoter are reminiscent of the characteristics associated with many "housekeeping" genes, consistent with its ubiquitous expression pattern.
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PMID:Structure of the human retinoblastoma gene. 274

Between 1950 and 1984 out of 57.393 women who delivered at the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catania University Medical School, Catania, Italy, 40 cases of malignant neoplasia were diagnosed with an incidence of one case in 1.434 deliveries. The most frequent neoplasias is cervix carcinoma (21 cases; 52.5%), followed by breast cancer (6 cases; 15%), ovarian cancer (4 cases; 10%) and leukemia (4 cases; 10%). There was very rare association with Hodgkin disease (2 cases; 5%), osteosarcoma (1 case; 2.5%), medulloblastoma (1 case; 2.5%), and skin melanoma (1 case; 2.5%). Since cancer of the uterine cervix is the most frequent neoplasia (one cases out of 2.733 deliveries), cervical smear should be performed during pregnancy in women that never performed it.
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PMID:[Cancer and pregnancy. Retrospective study on the frequency in 57,393 deliveries]. 276 32

We report 16 cases seen in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) during the past 50 years. These patients had been treated with external radiation for Hodgkin disease and had developed sarcomas in the field 4-31 years after the diagnosis of Hodgkin disease. Most of the tumors (12 of 16) occurred in the chest wall. There were three tumors of the pelvis and an unusual osteosarcoma of the femur following treatment for a primary Hodgkin disease of the femur. The tumors were predominantly osteosarcomas (9). In addition, there were five malignant fibrous histiocytomas, one fibrosarcoma, and one chondrosarcoma. Prognosis was poor; the mean survival was 12 months. Survival of patients with other primary cancers who developed radiation sarcomas was not significantly different from that of patients with Hodgkin disease. Hodgkin disease is now the most common tumor among radiation-induced sarcomas in previously normal bone and has surpassed breast cancer, which was previously the most common original tumor.
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PMID:Postradiation sarcoma of bone in Hodgkin disease. 282 14

Cancer chemotherapy provides variably effective treatment for the majority of forms of human cancer and curative treatment for some 12 categories of cancer. Curative treatment is defined as the proportion of patients who survive beyond the time after which the risk of treatment failure approaches zero, i.e., the disease-free survival plateau. This progress has resulted from a closely integrated scientific effort, including drug development, pharmacology, preclinical modeling, experimental design with respect to clinical trials, quantitative criteria for response, and a series of clinical trials (initially in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia) in which the importance of complete remission, of dose and schedule, of sequencing chemotherapeutic agents, of pharmacological sanctuaries, and particularly of combination chemotherapy was studied. The principles derived from these studies, particularly those relating to combination chemotherapy, resulted in curative treatment for disseminated Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pediatric solid tumors, testicular cancer, and limited small cell lung cancer. Many patients with certain stages of solid tumors, such as breast cancer and osteogenic sarcoma, are at high risk of having disseminated microscopic disease. Experimental studies indicate that treatment which is only partially effective against macroscopic disease is much more effective against microscopic tumors. Therefore chemotherapy is administered immediately following control of the primary tumor in patients at high risk of having disseminated microscopic disease, a treatment known as adjuvant chemotherapy. This program has been highly successful in increasing the cure rate in patients with pediatric solid tumors and in prolonging disease-free survival in patients with premenopausal breast cancer. Given dissemination of the technology, it is estimated that 15,000-30,000 patients per year are potentially curable in the United States. Curability of cancer by chemotherapy generally is inversely related to age, i.e., the above tumors are most common in children and young adults. There are new and promising treatment strategies, such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. The revolution in molecular and cellular biology is providing an increase in targets, rationale, and opportunity for more effective and novel chemotherapeutic approaches.
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PMID:Curative cancer chemotherapy. 299 3


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