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Query: UMLS:C0029089 (ophthalmoplegia)
 3,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Until such time as results of more rigorous studies are available, the morbidity rates for thyroid dysfunction cited here must suffice. The 1955 to 1956 outpatient "incidence" for England and Wales was 1.1 per 1,000 for thyrotoxicosis and 1.7 per 1,000 for myxedema (18). United States in-patient "incidence" for 1971 was 0.16 per 1,000 for thyrotoxicosis and 0.13 per 1,000 for myxedema (25). The 1935 to 1967 average annual incidence of Graves' disease for females in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was 30.5 per 100,000 (10). Well over 50% of hyperthyroid patients have clinical evidence of mild or moderate muscle weakness. Usually this weakness is proximal, and electro-myography and muscle biopsy confirm the existence of myopathic process (Table 11). Severe muscular weakness of acute onset is relatively rare and is encountered in approximately 1% of hyperthyroid patients (11,17,40). Ophthalmoplegia and psychosis are reported 4% and 2% of patients, respectively (17). Myasthenia gravis, although well publicized, is estimated to occur in less than 1% of patients (3,30). TPP is virtually nonexistent in the West; in the Orient it is reported in 2 to 8% of hyperthyroid patients and is 20 to 60 times more frequent in the hyperthyroid male than in the hyperthyroid female (Table 12). The neurologic symptomatology of myxedema is more extensive, and agreement among the various series is poor. The only unselected series addressing itself to neuromuscular manifestations of myxedema that is suitable for citation is that of Scarpalezos et al. (36). This comprehensive study was done without apparent patient selection, and it reported 2% of patients with definite carpal tunnel syndrome, 6% with myopathy, and 18% with polyneuropathy (Table 13). Reported percentages of hypothyroid patients found to have neurologic manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction are extremely diverse: ataxic gait was reported in 5 to 32% (6,7,12,27) of patients and dysdiadochokinesia in 6 to 52% (7,12,27). Psychosis is encountered in 2 to 5% (6,14,17,27,39) of myxedematous patients, memory loss in 23 to 55% (6,14,27), and coma in less than 1% (27).
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PMID:Neurologic complications of thyroid dysfunction. 74 45

Exophthalmos occurs in more than half of the patients with childhood Graves' disease, while severe Graves' ophthalmopathy is uncommon in children. Myasthenia gravis is even more rare in association with Graves' disease. A 7-year-old girl is reported; she had ptosis for two years; this was treated irregularly, and she then developed exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia and thyroid goiter. Her laboratory tests showed T3 496 ng/dl, T4 17.05 ug/dl, TSH < 0.1 uU/ml, fT4 > 4.2 ng/dl. Antithyroglobulin antibody was 1:25600 and antimicrosomal antibody was 1:102400. Myasthenia gravis was confirmed by a positive neostigmine test. Due to allergic reaction to propylthiouracil, she was treated with carbimazole and propranolol. Thereafter the thyrotoxicosis was was well controlled. The ocular-type myasthenia gravis remained stable with minimum medical treatment.
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PMID:Graves' disease associated with myasthenia gravis: report of one case. 130 32

Although thyrotoxicosis and orbital complications of acute ethmoid or frontal sinusitis are among the most common causes of unilateral exophthalmos, inflammatory pseudotumor is frequently accompanied by progressive acute unilateral proptosis. Because the associated chemosis, scleral erythema, and ophthalmoplegia constitute a spectrum of clinical findings present in numerous inflammatory orbital disorders and systemic diseases, the diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor is one of exclusion, often requiring orbital biopsy. Four patients without evidence of sinusitis, endocrinopathy, collagen vascular disease, or Wegener's granulomatosis are described. The diagnosis of orbital pseudotumor was disclosed by computed axial tomography, thus avoiding orbitotomy. The finding of scleral and choroidal thickening with enhancement following intravenous contrast injection represents a select group of patients with orbital pseudotumor and differentiates them from patients with endocrine exophthalmopathy or neoplasms. This noninvasive technique is extremely valuable because early diagnosis is critical for successful treatment. All four patients responded dramatically to high-dose corticosteroid therapy. In the absence of significant clinical response, however, Wegener's granulomatosis, lymphoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, especially in younger patients, must be carefully excluded. Orbital exploration or decompression or both are used when proptosis, headache, or orbital pain does not resolve promptly, visual acuity deteriorates, or the diagnosis remains unknown.
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PMID:Computerized axial tomography in inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. 682 19

Malignant exophthalmos or the ophthalmic component of Graves' disease is a functionally impairing and cosmetically deforming disorder of orbital tissue, separate from the sympathetic effects of thyrotoxicosis. The deposition of immune complexes of thyroglobulin and its antibodies within orbital muscles results in progressive exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia, chemosis, and lid fullness. Increasing intraorbital edema and optic nerve tension may produce irreversible retinal ischemia. If unresponsive to medical treatment, patients exhibiting increasing loss of visual acuity are therefore candidates for emergency surgery. Early attempts at surgical correction of the mechanical aspect of Graves' ophthalmopathy were unsuccessful. The current technique of transantral orbital decompression, when done before extreme advancement of the ocular disease, is successful and meets the following objectives: It restores visual loss and prevents further deterioration of visual acuity, protects the cornea, restores extraocular muscle movements, decreases intraorbital pressure, produces a satisfactory cosmetic result, and avoids serious complications. Patients with persistent extraocular muscle imbalance or lid lag may ultimately require oculoplastic surgery.
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PMID:Ophthalmic surgery in malignant exophthalmos. 689 48

Many neurological diseases like myopathy, periodic paralysis, ophthalmoplegia, and myasthenia gravis are known associations of thyrotoxicosis. However the association of neuropathy with thyrotoxicosis is not frequently recognized. First described by Charcot in 1889, thyrotoxic neuropathy or 'Basedow's Paraplegia' is a rarely reported entity. We describe here a case of a young woman with subacute distal neuropathy as the presenting manifestation of thyrotoxicosis. The neuropathy improved on antithyroid treatment. A careful literature search leads us to believe that peripheral neuropathy in thyrotoxicosis is under recognised. Thyroid function tests can be helpful in the diagnosis of this treatable neuropathy and should be included in the routine work up.
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PMID:Thyrotoxic neuropathy- an under diagnosed condition. 1768 80