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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of interrelated metabolic risk factors that appear to promote the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These risk factors include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) catalyzes the interconversion of glucocorticoids through the activity of two isozymes: type 1 (11beta-HSD1) and type 2 (11beta-HSD2). 11beta-HSD1 converts inactive glucocorticoid to the active form, whereas 11beta-HSD2 converts active glucocorticoid to the inactive form. It is well established that reduced 11beta-HSD2 activity causes hypertension and electrolyte abnormalities. More recently, the pathophysiological role of 11beta-HSD1 has been explored and studies suggest that increased 11beta-HSD1 activity within target tissues may promote insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. This review will discuss the evidence that inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 may be therapeutic in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors for metabolic syndrome. 1831 66

11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) enzymes catalyze the conversion of biologically inactive 11-ketosteroids into their active 11beta-hydroxy derivatives and vice versa. 11beta-HSD1 has been studied as a potential treatment for metabolic disease such as diabetes and obesity. To find correlation between 11beta-HSD1 and inhibitors, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies were performed on 70 inhibitors, based on molecular docking conformations obtained by using FlexX-Pharm. The studies include comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). Based on the docking results, highly predictive 3D-QSAR models were developed with q(2) values of 0.543 and 0.519 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. A comparison of the 3D-QSAR field contributions with the structural features of the binding site showed good correlation between the two analyses. Therefore, these results should be useful to the prediction of the activities of new 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
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PMID:Docking-based 3D-QSAR study for 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors. 1831 31

Glucocorticoids play an essential role in the regulation of multiple physiological processes, including energy metabolism, maintenance of blood pressure and stress responses, as well as cognitive functions. On a tissue-specific level, glucocorticoid action is controlled by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes. The type 1 enzyme (11beta-HSD1) is a NADP(H)-dependent bidirectional enzyme in vitro and reduces cortisone to active cortisol in vivo. 11beta-HSD1 is expressed in many tissues including the liver, adipose and skeletal muscles. Chronically elevated local glucocorticoid action as a result of increased 11beta-HSD1 activity has been associated with the metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Recent studies indicate that the inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 mitigates the adverse effects of excessive glucocorticoid levels on metabolic parameters and provides promising opportunities for the development of therapeutic interventions. This review discusses recently disclosed 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors and their potential for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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PMID:The role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in metabolic disease and therapeutic potential of 11beta-hsd1 inhibitors. 1833 79

The many similarities between the metabolic syndrome and Cushing's syndrome led to the hypothesis that excess glucocorticoids (GC) are part of the pathogenesis linking their features. We review recent work that confirms the initial similarities (obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) and extends them to associated features of both syndromes (osteopenia, hypogonadism, leukocytosis, depression, and muscle weakness). Recent studies report that these features also occur in subclinical Cushing's syndrome, hypercortisolemic depression, and the transgenic overexpression of 11beta-hydoxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) in mouse models of excess GC in adipose tissue. Reducing excess GC--in the clinical syndromes and in the mouse model-reverses many of these features. Because local tissue excess GC may have a central role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors are under active development by several pharmaceutical companies.
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PMID:Adrenal steroids and the metabolic syndrome. 1836 16

Alterations in glucocorticoid (GC) metabolism may contribute to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. We aimed to study the role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) in human adiposity, paying special attention to the association between altered GC metabolism and insulin sensitivity. In 24-h urine samples of 72 extremely obese (mean BMI 45.5 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2)), but otherwise healthy patients urinary free cortisol (UFF), urinary free cortisone (UFE), tetrahydrocortisol (THF), 5alpha-tetrahydrocortisol (5alpha-THF), and tetrahydrocortisone (THE) were quantified by radioimmunoassay. The sum of the three major tetrahydrometabolites is an estimate for daily GC secretion, and the sum of UFF and UFE represents potentially bioactive-free-GCs. Thirty healthy lean subjects (BMI 22.3 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2)) served as controls. In obese subjects, absolute daily GC secretion and the potentially bioactive-free-GCs were significantly (P < 0.005) higher than in lean controls (11.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.6 mg/d; and 171.8 +/- 11.2 vs. 117.6 +/- 9.2 mug/d, respectively). However, when these values were corrected for body surface area (BSA), significant differences were no longer detectable. While enzyme activity indices for 5alpha-reductase and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) were similar in lean and obese subjects, 11beta-HSD2 was markedly elevated in adiposity (3.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.1; P < 0.0001). This increase was accompanied by a significant reduction in UFF excretion corrected for BSA (16.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 21.7 +/- 2.0 mug/d/m(2); P = 0.0222). Besides, 11beta-HSD2 activity was significantly correlated with insulin sensitivity (P = 0.0262). When body size is accounted for, both adrenal GC secretion and potentially bioactive-free-GCs are indistinguishable between lean and extremely obese subjects. However in obesity, the kidney appears to intensify its supply of the direct substrate cortisone for extrarenal 11beta-HSD1, which may fuel visceral adiposity and insulin resistance.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008 Jun
PMID:11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity is elevated in severe obesity and negatively associated with insulin sensitivity. 1842 Dec 76

Glucocorticoid excess increases fat mass, preferentially within omental depots; yet circulating cortisol concentrations are normal in most patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). At a pre-receptor level, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) activates cortisol from cortisone locally within adipose tissue, and inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 in liver and adipose tissue has been proposed as a novel therapy to treat MS by reducing hepatic glucose output and adiposity. Using a transformed human subcutaneous preadipocyte cell line (Chub-S7) and human primary preadipocytes, we have defined the role of glucocorticoids and 11beta-HSD1 in regulating adipose tissue differentiation. Human cells were differentiated with 1.0 microM cortisol (F), or cortisone (E) with or without 100 nM of a highly selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor PF-877423. 11beta-HSD1 mRNA expression increased across adipocyte differentiation (P<0.001, n=4), which was paralleled by an increase in 11beta-HSD1 oxo-reductase activity (from nil on day 0 to 5.9+/-1.9 pmol/mg per h on day 16, P<0.01, n=7). Cortisone enhanced adipocyte differentiation; fatty acid-binding protein 4 expression increased 312-fold (P<0.001) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 47-fold (P<0.001) versus controls. This was abolished by co-incubation with PF-877423. In addition, cellular lipid content decreased significantly. These findings were confirmed in the primary cultures of human subcutaneous preadipocytes. The increase in 11beta-HSD1 mRNA expression and activity is essential for the induction of human adipogenesis. Blocking adipogenesis with a novel and specific 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor may represent a novel approach to treat obesity in patients with MS.
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PMID:A novel selective 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor prevents human adipogenesis. 1843 59

The adipocyte enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) amplifies local glucocorticoid action by generating active glucocorticoids from inactive metabolites and has emerged as a key player in the pathogenesis of central obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, the regulation of adipocyte 11beta-HSD1 is incompletely understood. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of insulin and glucocorticoid as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms on 11beta-HSD1 activity and expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and determine whether the in vitro findings could be confirmed in vivo. Our main in vitro findings are 1) insulin stimulated whereas dexamethasone inhibited 11beta-HSD1 activity and expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; 2) the effect of dexamethasone was mimicked by both cortisol and corticosterone but blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486; 3) the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB220025, but not the ERK inhibitor U0126 or the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, prevented insulin stimulation of 11beta-HSD1 activity; and 4) although dexamethasone did not alter the half-life of 11beta-HSD1 mRNA, insulin doubled it. Taken together, these in vitro results demonstrate that insulin stimulates adipocyte 11beta-HSD1 through a posttranscriptional mechanism that involves activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, whereas dexamethasone exerts an opposite effect by a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcriptional mechanism. In contrast, both insulin and dexamethasone augmented 11beta-HSD1 activity and expression in rat white adipose tissue in vivo, thus confirming the role of insulin but revealing a fundamental difference regarding the role of dexamethasone in regulating adipocyte 11beta-HSD1 between the two model systems.
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PMID:Insulin and dexamethasone dynamically regulate adipocyte 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. 1846 33

Intracellular glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) function determines tissue sensitivity to GCs and strongly affects the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) mediates intracellular steroid exposure to mouse liver GR by prereceptor reactivation of GCs and is crucially dependent on hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH)-generating NADPH system. Pharmacological inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 improves insulin intolerance and obesity. Here, we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) in diet-induced obese (DIO) and insulin-resistant mice by examining the possible influence of CBX on the expression of GR, 11beta-HSD1, and H6PDH in vivo and in vitro in hepatocytes. Treatment of DIO mice with CBX markedly reduced hepatic GR mRNA levels and reduced weight gain, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. The reduction of hepatic GR gene expression was accompanied by CBX-induced inhibition of both 11beta-HSD1 and H6PDH activity and mRNA in the liver. Moreover, CBX treatment also suppressed the expression of both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme (G6Pase) mRNA and improved hepatic [1, 2-(3)H] deoxy-d-glucose uptake in DIO mice. In addition, the treatment of primary cultures of hepatocytes with increasing concentrations of CBX led to a dose-dependent downregulation of GR mRNA levels, which correlated with the suppression of both 11beta-HSD1 and H6PDH activity and their gene expression. Addition of CBX to primary hepatocytes also resulted in suppression of both PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA levels. These findings suggest that CBX exerts some of its beneficial effects, at least in part, by inhibiting hepatic GR and H6PDH expression.
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PMID:Reduction of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. 1852 70

Glucocorticoid action is linked to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) has been proposed as a strategy to suppress glucocorticoid action in a tissue-specific manner. A large variety of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor classes are under investigation by the pharmaceutical industry to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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PMID:Development of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. 1853 25

11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase1(11beta-HSD1) can serve either as an oxo-reductase or dehydrogenase determined by the redox state in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This bidirectional enzyme governs paracrine glucocorticoid production. Recent in vitro studies have underscored the key role of cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) in controlling the flux direction of 11betaHSD-1 by altering the intraluminal ER NADPH/NADP ratio. The hypothesis that other hexose phosphoesters or the plentiful cellular oxidative protector glutathione could also regulate microsomal 11betaHSD-1 activity was tested. Fructose-6-phosphate increased the activity of 11beta-HSD1 reductase in isolated rat and porcine liver microsomes but not porcine fat microsomes. Moreover, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) attenuated 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity by 40% while reduced glutathione (GSH) activated the reductase in liver. Fat microsomes were unaffected because they lack glutathione reductase. Nonetheless, another oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide (0.5mM), inhibited both fat and liver 11beta-HSD1 reductase. Consistent with the major role of the redox state, 2.5mM GSSG and hydrogen peroxide augmented the 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase, antithetical to the reductase, by 20-30% in liver microsomes. Given the key role of reactive oxygen species and hexose phosphate accumulation in the pathoetiology of obesity and diabetes, these compounds might also modify 11beta-HSD1 in these conditions.
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PMID:Modification of microsomal 11beta-HSD1 activity by cytosolic compounds: glutathione and hexose phosphoesters. 1855 Mar 63


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