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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review begins with James Olds' discovery that self-stimulation at various brain sites can be influenced by food intake or androgen treatment. It then describes our research designed to reveal the functional significance of self-stimulation. The evidence suggests that lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation is controlled by many of the same factors that control feeding. We believe this control is exerted by at least two neural mechanisms. One is the classical, medial hypothalamic satiety system. Another is an adrenergic system ascending from the midbrain to the lateral hypothalamus. Damage to either one can disinhibit self-stimulation and feeding, thus contributing to obesity. Some of our studies use rats with two electrodes, one that induces feeding and one that induces mating. There are two response levers in the test cage, one for self-stimulation and one for escape from automatic stimulation. With the feeding electrode, rats self-stimulated less and escaped more after a meal than before. The same shift occurred after an anorectic dose of insulin or the commercial appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine. With the sex electrode the shift from reward to aversion occurred after ejaculation. The review ends with credit to James Olds for pioneering this line of research into the neuropsychology of reinforcement.
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PMID:Hypothalamic self-stimulation and stimulation escape in relation to feeding and mating. 38 51

An obese patient with a ten year history of respiratory failure presented with insomnia and marked daytime somnolence. Respriatory failure had been attributed to obesity, respiratory centre insensitivity to carbon dioxide, and to diffuse airways obstruction. To investigate the possible role of episodic apnoea with frequent nocturnal arousals, continous recordings were obtained during sleep of arterial oxygen saturation, oesophageal pressure and the motions of the rib-cage and abdomen/diaphragm. Repeated episodes of hypoventilation and profound hypoxaemia were found which were due to intermittent obstruction of the upper airway rather than to cessation of breathing efforts. During the episodes of hypoxaemia, values of arterial O2 tension fell to as low as 24 mmHg. Episodic hypoxaemia was relieved but not abolished, by the use of a collar, designed to hold the mandible forward. Previous reports indicated that recognition of intermittent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep and treatment by a permanent tracheostomy, resulted in a significant long-term imporvement of pulmonary and cardiac function and relief of insomnia and day-time somnolence. When tracheostomy is inadvisable, as in the present patient, it is hoped that similar long-term benefits will result from a supportive collar.
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PMID:Intemittent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep causing profound hypoxaemia. A neglected mechanism exacerbating chronic respiratory failure. 107 82

Perinatal M.S.G. treatment causes a syndrome characterized by damage to the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, other circumventricular areas, parts of the visual system and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The resulting hormonal dysfunction may be responsible for developmental anomalies of organ systems, obesity, and alterations in sensory/motor performance. We have shown that some behavioral indicators of M.S.G. toxicity in rats can be masked by rearing them in enriched housing conditions. Here, we evaluated the impact of six housing conditions on M.S.G.-induced alterations of organ systems and behavior. Perinatal M.S.G. treatment reduced adrenal, heart and testes weights, as well as total white blood cell (WBC) counts, and increased tail flick latencies. These measures were unaffected by the housing condition. M.S.G.-induced reductions in body weight, grip strength, water maze and dominance task performance varied as a function of housing. Deficits in water maze performance were most evident following social and isolated single-cage housing. We propose that deficits in water maze performance following perinatal M.S.G. may be attributable to hippocampal damage that can be alleviated by rearing the rats in stimulating environments.
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PMID:The postweaning housing environment determines expression of learning deficit associated with neonatal monosodium glutamate (M.S.G.). 175 4

Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography (TTE) has been an accepted noninvasive procedure used to diagnose infective endocarditis by demonstrating the presence of vegetations and other complications such as ring abcess, mycotic lesions or sinus of valsalva aneurysm. Moreover, complementary Doppler and Color Flow imaging are very useful in detecting early valvular regurgitation and in evaluating the severity of such regurgitant lesions. Occasionally, TTE fails to provide an adequate quality of imaging because of the patient's obesity, chest deformity or emphysema. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) on the other hand, a relatively new technique, allows ultrasonic imaging of the heart through the esophagus and provides a clear visualization of all cardiac structures without any interference from the lungs, chest wall or rib cage. We present a case of aortic valve endocarditis diagnosed by TEE.
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PMID:Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): its diagnostic value in endocarditis. 227 24

We examined the effects of group housing on body weight in adult female Syrian hamsters. Over a 10-week period, female hamsters housed in groups of 5 per cage increased their body weight by 61% compared with an 18% increase in body weight for female hamsters housed individually. The divergence in body weight between females housed in groups and females housed individually was evident as early as 2 weeks after the start of the experiment. At the end of the 10 weeks, group-housed females were significantly longer, had a higher percentage of body fat, and larger adrenal glands compared with these measures from individually housed hamsters. These results demonstrate that housing conditions can have a powerful effect on body weight and body composition in female Syrian hamsters. These effects are discussed in the context of social stress mediating obesity in Syrian hamsters, and offer the possibility for a socially based animal model of obesity.
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PMID:Induction of obesity by group housing in female Syrian hamsters. 238 35

Growth, body composition and hair coat parameter variations were evaluated in farmed raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) reared in a conventional two animals -in-cage-system. Daily rate of body weight gain (BWG) of litters very significantly (p less than 0.001) correlated with their time of birth (r = 0.879); the later in spring they were born the faster they gained weight. Final body weight (FBW) of the whelps was to be predicted from their body weight (BW) in early August (r = 0.689). There was no significant correlation between litter size and FBW, BWG or daily rate of BWG. Social competition for food produced great variation in FBW of the animals; the difference between the heavier and lighter raccoon dogs within a cage averaged 1.2 kg (p less than 0.001). Except in FBW and obesity index, there was no significant differences in other parameters between these social groups. Social status within a cage explained only 3.6% of the pelt quality variation while it could explain 52% of the BW variation. Litter explained 36% of the pelt quality, whereas it could explain 4.9% of the BW variation only. Social status and litter did not show any significant two-way interactions. Pelt weight very significantly (p less than 0.001) correlated with pelt quality (r = 0.48) and mass (r = 0.55). Also mass very positively (p less than 0.001) correlated with pelt quality (r = 0.82), indicating that the subjectively estimated pelt quality, in fact, can be derived directly from its weight. We conclude that differences in growth parameters and fur characteristics are mainly produced by social and hereditary factors, respectively.
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PMID:Growth and fur parameter variations of farmed raccoon dogs. 408 58

Seventeen eucapnic massively obese patients and eight normal subjects had their respiratory cycle parameters studied while breathing room air at rest. Despite large variations in the degree of obesity, our patients demonstrated normal mean inspiratory and expiratory flow rates, duty cycles, and minute ventilation. The maintenance of normal mean inspiratory flow rates was found to be dependent on an augmentation of neuromuscular drive (P0.1); furthermore, a strong positive correlation between percentage ideal body weight (i.e., the degree of obesity) and P0.1 was present. The obese were found to partition their tidal volume preferentially to their rib cage compartment, choosing to leave the abdominal compartment relatively immobile. Analysis of the diaphragmatic electromyogram revealed a persistence of activity into early expiration, the length of which also depended on the degree of obesity. These findings suggest that the diaphragm's volume-generating function in the obese is reduced, and furthermore the persistence of its activity in expiration serves to attenuate the rate of expiratory flow. No significant difference in any respiratory cycle parameter was found between simple obesity patients and formerly hypercapnic obese patients.
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PMID:Load compensation in obese patients during quiet tidal breathing. 662 61

Egg binding most often affects budgerigars, cockatiels, finches and canaries. Causes include oversized or malpositioned eggs, lack of exercise, nesting too early or late, excessive egg laying, uterine damage or infection, obesity, malnutrition, sudden drops in ambient temperature and genetic factors. Clinical signs are perching unsteadily with ruffled feathers and half-closed eyelids, frequent tail-wagging or straining, swelling over the tail base, and sitting on the cage bottom. Diagnosis is by physical examination and radiography. Treatment may involve increasing the ambient temperature to 85-90 F, lubricating the vent, IM injections of Ca solution and/or oxytocin, egg aspiration and laparotomy.
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PMID:Egg binding in caged and aviary birds. 673 18

Gold thioglucose-induced hypothalamic obesity caused a higher altitude convulsion threshold and a decrease in the time to altitude convulsion. The average altitude convulsion threshold for the obese mice was 151 torr (38,500 ft). In contrast, the average value for the controls was 131 torr (41,500 ft). It was also observed that at 206 torr (32,000 ft), the average time until altitude convulsion of the obese mice was 69 s; at 179 torr (35,000 ft), 27 s; at 141 torr (40,000 ft), 17 s; at 111 torr (45,000 ft), 10 s; at 87 torr (50,000 ft), 9 s; and at 69 torr (55,000 ft), 8 s. On the other hand, the average control time until altitude convulsion at the above-mentioned altitudes was 97, 37, 26, 11, 9, and 8 s, respectively. Moreover, the average accumulation of fat between pleura and lungs in obese mice was 154 (Table I) or 181 mg (Table II), while the value of the control group was only 72 to 67 mg. Such an increase of fat accumulation in the thoracic cage could decrease the tidal volume. The altitude convulsion threshold and the time until altitude convulsion might thus be changed. The time until altitude convulsion may be regarded as a convenient objective measure of altitude tolerance in mice.
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PMID:Altitude convulsion threshold and time to altitude convulsion in gold thioglucose obese mice. 677 8

Several disorders of the thoracic cage are known to cause respiratory failure, by means of relatively simple mechanisms, such as the increased work of breathing, which results in alveolar hypoventilation. A variety of pathogenic mechanisms may be considered, as functions of the types of thoracic disorders present. As causes of these additional potential mechanisms, we considered the following: 1) ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) inhomogeneity; 2) inability to cough; 3) malformation or acquired defect of the respiratory centres; and 4) excess blood volume and fluid retention, which aggravate work of breathing and V/Q inhomogeneity. All of these disorders can be grouped into two major categories (which nevertheless have some of the pathophysiology in common): the mechanical syndrome and the neuromuscular or paralytic syndrome. In this paper we discuss chest wall diseases falling into the first category; namely, kyphoscoliosis, fibrothorax, thoracoplasty, ankylosing spondylitis and obesity-hypoventilation. Congenital deformities of the thoracic cage, which do not have important effects on ventilatory apparatus (e.g. pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum), were also considered.
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PMID:Classification of chest wall diseases. 847 68


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