Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The fat content of the body was calculated in 12 healthy male subjects aged 21 to 35 years by means of hydrostatic weighing and anthropometric estimation of skeletal weight. The subjects were exposed to a concentration of 2,600 mg of methylene chloride per cubic meter of inspired air (750 ppm) for 1 h while performing work at an intensity of 50 W on a bicycle ergometer. The uptake in the organism was measured continuously with the Douglas bag technique. The amount of methylene chloride absorbed correlated highly with degree of obesity and body weight. Needle biopsy specimens of subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken from the buttocks before exposure and 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after exposure. The mean yield of tissue from the 72 biopsies was 25 mg. The concentration of methylene chloride in the adipose tissue was determined by gas chromatography, using a headspace method. The mean concentration was 10.2 mg/kg 1 h after exposure and 8.4 mg/kg after 4 h. There was a wide distribution around the mean values. In the six slim subjects the concentration in the adipose tissue during the 4 h after exposure was on an average twice that of the six more obese subjects. On the other hand, in spite of lower concentrations, the obese subjects had a greater calculated amount of methylene chloride in the total fat depots of the body. Two subjects were studied about 22 h after exposure, the concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue being 1.6 and 1.7 mg/kg, respectively, at that time.
 ...
PMID:Exposure to methylene chloride. Content in subcutaneous adipose tissue. 59 29

The problem of lithium maintenance treatment and weight gain was examined in 70 manic-melancholic patients who had been in treatment for 2 to 10 years. Their case records were reviewed and they answered a questionnaire. Out of 70 patients, 45 increased in weight with a mean weight gain of about 10 kg. The patients who increased in weight during the treatment were overweight already before the start and reached a weight about 20% higher than their ideal weight. They nearly all found themselves overweight and took measures to slim. No connection between a history of infant obesity and weight gain was found. Increase in appetite was only found in one third of the patients and had only a weak influence on the degree of weight gain. Nearly all the patients felt an increased thirst, and a very clear correlation between liquid intake and weight gain was found. It is recommended that all patients are repeatedly warned of the risks involved in satisfying their increased thirst on lithium by fluids rich in calories.
 ...
PMID:Lithium treatment and weight gain. 125 59

The levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed and HDL-cholesterol total cholesterol index was calculated in 40 children aged 7 to 17 years with 25-99% weight excess. The results have been compared with the control group of slim children at the same age. The elevated level of the total cholesterol was found in obese children. The cholesterol level was highest in children between 15 and 17 years and showed slight positive correlation with the degree of obesity (r = 0,317, p less than 0,001). Remaining differences in the parameters of metabolism of lipids in obese children have not been significant.
 ...
PMID:[Lipid metabolism in obese school-age children. I. Comparative studies including children without excess weight]. 264 12

Food intake was studied in 339 French children, aged 7-12 years. Daily energy consumption and distribution of intake over the waking hours estimated from dietary histories were compared in children of five corpulence categories. The categories (lean, slim, average, fat, obese) were defined on the basis of the weight/height2 index. No difference in estimated daily energy intake was observed between corpulence groups; however, the reported distribution of intake over the waking hours varied. Obese and fat children ate less at breakfast and more at dinner than leaner peers. The traditionally larger meals of the day (lunch and dinner) represented higher proportions of daily intake in fat and obese children; the energy value of breakfast and afternoon snack was inversely related to corpulence. Although these effects do not rule out hyperphagia or increased 'externality' in some overweight subjects, the results suggest a possible contribution of disturbed metabolic and/or behavioral daily cycles in the development of overweight. This hypothesis, which should be investigated further, suggests prevention strategies.
 ...
PMID:Obesity and food intake in children: evidence for a role of metabolic and/or behavioral daily rhythms. 323 62

This study shows fluoxetine to be a potent anorectic agent in non-depressed clinically overweight individuals. It is as effective an anorexic compound as a currently available appetite control agent, benzphetamine, and highly significantly more effective than the placebo treatment. A relative lack of serious side-effects and a low abuse potential make it an interesting drug in the slim armamentarium of agents that are used to treat the overweight. If the lack of tolerance to the effects of this drug seen in the long-term studies of depression is confirmed in long-term studies of obese patients, fluoxetine may have a major part to play in the treatment of the obese patient where weight loss is medically indicated. This would include the morbidly obese, the type II diabetic, and the hypertensive patient. Although ideally behavior modification should accompany the drug treatment for obesity, clinical practice indicates that in many cases, patients will not follow through with the behavioral treatment. A strictly medical prescription of an acceptable pharmacologic agent like fluoxetine on a chronic or long-term basis may provide a new possibility for the treatment of these individuals.
 ...
PMID:Fluoxetine-induced weight loss in overweight non-depressed humans. 350 92

Anorexia nervosa (AN) can be considered a result of complex instrumental conditioning. It is postulated that in healthy nonsatiated individuals, the sight and smell of the preferred food, acting as a conditioned stimulus (food CS), activates a memory pattern of associations "eating--desirable sensory input" (approach pattern). This leads to the instrumental reaction of eating which is reinforced by sensory satisfaction. In victims of AN, in addition to the approach pattern the food CS activates another pattern of associations consisting of such components as "eating--obesity--failure" and " noneating --thinness--success" (avoidance pattern). The establishment of the avoidance pattern depends on such factors as social preferences and pressures to be slim, inborn dispositions, and personal psychological problems. If the activation of the avoidance pattern prevails over the activation of the approach pattern, the individual refrains from eating. The refusal to eat is here an instrumental avoidance reaction; its performance is reinforced by satisfaction derived from successful self-control and losing weight. A prolonged activation of the avoidance pattern leads to malnutrition and ultimately to death. In cases in which the approach pattern and the avoidance pattern are frequently activated simultaneously to the same degree, a neural conflict may develop. In a variation called "bulimia nervosa," an activation of the approach pattern alternates with the activation of the avoidance pattern. First, overeating takes place; it is reinforced by oral-gastric satisfaction. Then, the avoidance reaction of self-induced vomiting or purging follows; it is reinforced by satisfaction derived from preventing weight gain.
 ...
PMID:Anorexia nervosa as a case of complex instrumental conditioning. 672 79

Two studies of children's perceptions of physical activities were carried out. The first examined the views of 600 ten-year-olds drawn from seven regions of Australia; the second examined the views of 528 ten-year-olds from South Australia. Both studies revealed consistent differences between the perceptions of obese and slim children. Obese children evaluated endurance activities more negatively and flexibility-coordination activities more positively than slim children. These differences were highly stable between samples and over time.
 ...
PMID:Slim and obese children's perceptions of physical activities. 674 89

Fifty-nine female and 79 male secondary students rated six stimulus figures (self, ideal self, fat young man/woman, slim young man/woman) on 28 personal rating scales. They also complete the Eysenck personality Inventory. Each of the stimulus-figure data sets was factor analysed and the factor scores were related to role, personality, and perceived weight status by means of correlational and discriminant function analyses. The results showed that the perceives' sex, ethnicity and perceived weight status were related to their perception of the stimulus figures. These relationships included interactions between sex and ethnicity in their effects on reported views of ideal self and fat young woman (FYW). Daughters of European migrants reported more independent and stronger self-aspiration than did their peers, and sons of European migrants saw FYW mor positively that did the other subjects. The observed relationship between females' perceived weight status and their self-concepts suggest that body image may be of greater importance for girls that for boys of this age. Extraversion and neuroticism differed according to sex in their relationships with the subjects' perceptions of the FYW figure. These and other findings indicate that the presence or absence of obesity has relevance for social and psychological processes as well as for medical issues.
 ...
PMID:In the eye of the beholder: social and personal characteristics of teenagers and their impressions of themselves and fat and slim people. 727 50

Obesity frequently clusters with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and ischemic heart disease with hyperinsulinemia as syndrome X. Although central obesity has been recognized to have a strong genetic component, few candidate genes have been studied in this disorder. After a recently described association between the apolipoprotein-D (Apo-D) gene polymorphism and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by our group, we have now looked at a TaqI polymorphism of the Apo-D gene in two other components of syndrome X, namely obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Apo-D genotype differences were found between obese subjects (n = 57) and slim controls (n = 57; P = 0.006). Furthermore, in the obese group an association was found between the Apo-D genotype and fasting insulin (P < 0.001). Preliminary evidence, therefore, suggests that the TaqI Apo-D polymorphism can be used as a genetic marker for obesity and several components of syndrome X.
 ...
PMID:Apolipoprotein-D polymorphism: a genetic marker for obesity and hyperinsulinemia. 791 35

Obesity or leanness of an individual tends to continue from childhood to adult ages. It is therefore desirable to establish a single standard for obesity/leanness that is applicable throughout these stages of life. Trials were made in the present study to examine if 'the Japanese weight and height standards for estimating over- and under-weight' (established for adults by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Government of Japan) is applicable also to younger people. The standard is developed with two assumptions that both height and logarithm of weight distribute normally. The height and weight of about 83,000 6th-grade children in primary schools (12 years of age; with boys and girls of an equal number), and about 78,000 3rd-year-children in junior high schools (15 years of age) were available. The analyses of the data disclosed that, whereas height distributes normally, their weight does not fit with normal distribution when converted logarithmically or even when the conversion is made after subtraction of a constant value from the weight. The distribution pattern of weight of children was however essentially the same, independent of height. Thus, it was possible to classify the children into five categories of definitely obese (10%), tending toward obesity (15%), normal (50%), slim (15%) and thin (10%) groups with the same statistical parameters, regardless of their height excluding extremely tall or short cases.
 ...
PMID:[Screening of obese or lean schoolchildren; difficulty in applying "the Japanese weight and height standards for estimating over- and under-weight" to younger people]. 832 46


1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>