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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Food availability for wild organisms typically varies both in time and space, requiring a mechanism that regulates the storage of excess energy and makes it possible to use stores during energy shortfall. Leptin, a protein hormone encoded by an obesity gene, has been suggested to be the signal mediator for this flux of energy. In a controlled laboratory experiment on caged great tits (Parus major) we evaluated the effect of leptin on food intake and behaviour. Experimental birds were given an intramuscular injection of 10 microg leptin dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), while the control birds were injected with PBS only at 09:00 h after a night's fasting. Within the first 20 min after injections we observed a significant difference in food intake between groups: control birds initially fed at higher rates compared to leptin treated birds. The cumulative food intake suggested that the effect of leptin disappeared after approximately 40-50 min post-injections. Similar results have previously been found in domesticated chickens. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that leptin depresses food intake in wild birds.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003 Mar
PMID:Leptin depresses food intake in great tits (Parus major). 1262 Feb 47

There are large variations in reported diabetes prevalence within United Kingdom (UK) populations. Linear regression was used to investigate whether population characteristics could explain the variation in prevalence between 19 practices with relatively complete diagnostic recording. Population obesity and South Asian ethnicity largely explained observed variation in prevalence (adjusted R2 = 0.80). When adjusted for obesity and ethnicity, the deprivation score was no longer a predictor of diabetes prevalence. If true variation in prevalence between practices is largely predicted by population ethnicity and obesity, these population characteristics could be used to predict expected prevalence and to assess the completeness of practice registers.
Br J Gen Pract 2003 Aug
PMID:Explaining variations in reported diabetes prevalence in general practice: how much variation is explained by differences between practice populations? 1460 43

Adolescence is a time of accelerated growth with increasing caloric needs. A strong attraction for the taste of sugar and its availability have had detrimental consequences for the adolescent's dentition and general health. Numerous factors combine to contribute to the demineralization and erosion that predispose the enamel to smooth surface caries. Obesity and its associated maladies, eating disorders, and pregnancy are additional issues for consideration. Determining the need for and appropriate timing of extraction of third molars should be included in the treatment plan.
Gen Dent
PMID:Considerations for treating adolescent patients. 1505 1

BACKGROUND: The pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder has dramatically improved with multiple classes of agents being used as mood-stabilizers, including lithium, anticonvulsants, and atypical antipsychotics. However, the use of these medications is not without risk, particularly when a patient with bipolar disorder also has comorbid medical illness. As the physician who likely has the most contact with patients with bipolar disorder, psychiatrists must have a high index of suspicion for medical illness, as well as a basic knowledge of the risks associated with the use of medications in this patient population. METHODS: A review of the literature was conducted and papers addressing this topic were selected by the authors. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Common medical comorbidities and treatment-emergent illnesses, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiac disease, hepatic disease, renal disease, pulmonary disease and cancer are reviewed with respect to concomitant use of mood stabilizers. Guidance to clinicians regarding effective monitoring and treatment is offered. CONCLUSIONS: Mood-stabilizing medications are necessary in treating patients with bipolar disorder and often must be used in the face of medical illness. Their safe use is possible, but requires increased vigilance in monitoring for treatment-emergent illnesses and effects on comorbid medical illness.
Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004 Apr 22
PMID:Special considerations in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder and medical co-morbidities. 1510 99

In order to better understand the mechanisms leading to insulin resistance, the number of fat tissue insulin receptors, their affinity and insulin receptor protein in rats with monosodium glutamate-induced obesity were studied. Obese rats displayed significantly lower number of insulin receptors with high affinity. Surprisingly, the amount of insulin receptor protein was significantly elevated in these animals. The same relations have been already reported for angiotensin II binding and AT1 receptor protein in the same model of obesity. Therefore we suggest an existence of general defect of adipocyte cell membrane in monosodium glutamate-induced obesity characterized by the presence of high quantity of impaired receptor protein.
Gen Physiol Biophys 2003 Dec
PMID:Low number of insulin receptors but high receptor protein content in adipose tissue of rats with monosodium glutamate-induced obesity. 1511 27

Ghrelin is a novel orexigenic peptide hormone. In humans and rodents, it increases food intake and its levels are reduced in obesity but increased in fasting. It is an antagonistic signal to leptin informing the central nervous system about negative energy balance. The tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) is an interesting model to study the effects of ghrelin, as it is poorly adapted to fasting. In this study, 10 male voles were injected with intraperitoneal ghrelin at 10 microg kg(-1)day(-1) for four days, while 10 males received sham injections. Additional five males were food deprived for 4 h with five males as fed controls. Exogenous ghrelin caused an expected elevation in the plasma ghrelin concentrations. Furthermore, the plasma glucose and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations increased but the kidney and muscle glycogen contents decreased. The liver lipase and kidney glycogen phosphorylase activities increased at the same time. Food deprivation caused an increase in the plasma ghrelin concentrations. In voles, ghrelin may be a mediator to recruit body energy reserves during negative energy balance that would be detrimental to voles very rapidly if foraging does not prove to be successful.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004 Sep 01
PMID:Effects of peripheral ghrelin on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus). 1530 67

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major worldwide public health concern. In the United States, 18.2 million people (approximately 6.3% of the population) currently suffer from DM; of those, nearly one-third are undiagnosed. The incidence of DM in the U.S. is expected to double by the year 2010 due to general aging among the population and the epidemic of obesity in the western world. Dental providers must be aware of the rapid changes concerning management of individuals with DM and must understand the significant impact DM has on dental treatment.
Gen Dent
PMID:Diabetes mellitus: an updated overview of medical management and dental implications. 1563 79

Over the last 40 years, diabetes mellitus has increased sixfold in the United States. Reported cases increased by more than 6.0% in 2006. Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 90% of all cases and is becoming more common in children and adolescents. The cause of Type 2 diabetes involves both genetic and environmental factors. The recent increase in the incidence and prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is related largely to obesity. Type 2 diabetes is managed by lifestyle interventions, drug therapy, and control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Patients with renal failure can be treated by transplantation of a kidney and pancreas. Islet cell transplantation is available, but long-term results have not been good. Pharmacologic treatment is accomplished with several classes of oral drugs. This article reviews the literature to provide recent innovations in the pharmacologic management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Gen Dent
PMID:Pharmacologic management of type 2 diabetes: a review for dentistry. 1805 May 85

The association of obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus has been recognized for years. In type 2 diabetes, there is a possibility that an important part of the impaired insulin secretion is due to the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) hormone. This study investigated changes that occur in the pancreatic GIP receptors' (GIP-Rs) expression and in GIP secretion in obese and type 2 diabetic rats and its relation to plasma glucose and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) compared to control rats. During the first 20 min of the OGTT, both the obese and the diabetic rats had a significant increase in the glucose excursion and a significant decrease in early-insulin secretion compared to the control group, with more prominent changes in the diabetic group. The obese rats had a significant increase in fasting GIP level and in the incremental change of GIP from 0 to 20 min (GIP Delta 0-20: 60.1 + or - 6.66 pmol/l) compared to that of the control (33.96 + or - 4.69 pmol/l) and the diabetic (29.34 + or - 2.62 pmol/l) group, which were not significantly different from each other. However, there was a significant decrease in GIP-Rs expression in both the obese (88.07 + or - 10.36 microg/ml) and diabetic (87.51 + or - 4.72 microg/ml) groups compared to the control group (120.35 + or - 8.06 microg/ml). During the second hour of the OGTT, plasma GIP was decreasing in all groups, however, the obese group had a significant hyperinsulinemia compared to the other two groups. Moreover, the diabetic group had a significantly lower plasma insulin level until the 90 min interval and thereafter it showed a non-significant difference compared to the control group. In conclusion, both obese and diabetic rats had an impaired early-phase insulinotropic effect of GIP due to impaired gene expression of GIP-Rs which could be a potential target to prevent transition of obesity to diabetes and to improve insulin secretion in the latter.
Gen Physiol Biophys 2007 Sep
PMID:Impairment of the insulinotropic effect of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in obese and diabetic rats is related to the down-regulation of its pancreatic receptors. 1806 45

Elevated serum resistin is implicated in insulin resistance associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alcohol consumption interferes with the nutritional status, metabolic and hormonal activity of the drinker. Impact of ethanol intake on resistin level and resistin metabolic effects is unknown. Effect of long-time (28 days) ad libitum moderate alcohol (6% ethanol solution) intake on serum resistin and resistin mRNA level in adipose tissue of rats (A) was compared to control (C) and pair-fed (PF) animals. PF rats were fed the same caloric amount as A rats on previous day. Alcohol consumption resulted in reduction of food and energy intake, decreased body mass gain, epididymal fat pads mass and smaller adipocytes (vs. C rats). Alcohol intake significantly increased serum resistin and glucose, insulinemia remained unchanged. Systemic insulin resistance was not proved by HOMA, QUICKI and McAuley indexes, but impaired insulin effect on glucose transport in isolated adipocytes was present. Elevated serum resistin was positively correlated with glycemia (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) and negatively with fat cell size (r = -0.73, p < 0.05). High resistin level as the consequence of long-time alcohol intake could contribute to smaller adipocytes, higher glycemia, attenuation of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes. Diminished resistin gene expression in adipose tissue of A and PF rats was present.
Gen Physiol Biophys 2007 Sep
PMID:Long-time alcohol intake modifies resistin secretion and expression of resistin gene in adipose tissue. 1806 50


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