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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some lipid and lipoprotein accompaniments of obesity and its association with glucose intolerance are examined in the Framingham cohort of 5209 men and women ages 30 to 59 examined biennially over 18 years. While beta and pre-beta lipoproteins were positively correlated with relative weight, high density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely correlated. The association was strongest for high density lipoprotein cholesterol, varying little by age and sex. Triglyceride was a close second, but unlike high density lipoproteins, it and other lipids were more closely associated with obesity in men than women and in younger than older persons. Obese persons tended to have a greater likelihood of glycosuria and an increasing prevalence of diabetes. Relative weight in the Framingham cohort rose in both sexes to age 54, remained essentially unchanged until age 62 and then began to decline. Despite such changes body weights even 18 years apart had a correlation of 0.8. Men from each succeeding birth cohort were heavier, women were lighter, but even women from the most recent birth cohort were much more frequently above "desirable" weight than below it.
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PMID:Obesity, lipids, and glucose intolerance. The Framingham Study. 44 88

More than 5,000 food choices were observed at nine eating sites--four where meals were served and five where snacks were served. Caloric content of food choice was strongly affected by eating site and there was great variability in the amount chosen at each site. Men chose somewhat more food than women. Body weight had no overall effect on food choice, although obese people chose somewhat more food than nonobese people at one site--that serving food with the highest caloric content. These findings are consistent with the six earlier studies of food choice, which concluded that the major influence on how much people choose to eat is where they eat, and that there is great variability in the amount they choose at any one site. The presence of obesity is not a major determinant of food choice in public places.
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PMID:Obesity and food choices in public places. 45 95

Serum lipid concentrations, relative body weight, and smoking habits were assessed in a cohort of 1648 middle-aged Finnish men who were subsequently followed for seven years. Multivariate analysis showed that serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and smoking were all independently associated with cardiovascular mortality. High serum triglyceride concentrations increased the risk of cardiovascular death only when they exceeded 1.7 mmol/l (150 mg/100 ml), but this occurred at all cholesterol and relative body weight levels. Obesity influenced death rates only in men with raised serum lipid levels, while smoking was associated with increased mortality when any combination of the other factors was present. Men who had raised triglyceride concentrations combined with smoking or obesity had the highest risk of cardiovascular death.
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PMID:Association of serum lipids and obesity with cardiovascular mortality. 58 76

Studies of family practice in Wisconsin and elsewhere show that the clinical content of family practice has about 20 to 45 patient contacts per day and about two to six diagnoses per patient contact. Seventy-five percent of patient contacts are in the office and on the telephone, 15 to 20 percent in the hospital, and 5 to 10 percent elsewhere. There is a broad array of patient problems. Special Conditions and Examinations Without Illness contain the largest number of patient problems. About 60 percent of patients are female and present more endocrine and genitourinary problems. Men present more trauma, circulatory, and respiratory problems, and less health maintenance care. Well-baby and well-child examinations stop at age 15 years. Pre and postnatal care decline sharply at age 35 years, at which time surgical care increases. Infectious disease and trauma, ranking high in the young, are low in the elderly. Circulatory problems, obesity, diabetes, and arthritis increase greatly with age. There is no major difference in type of patient problems related to town size (ie, population). However, comparative studies may uncover different disease occurrence rates between regions.
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PMID:A study of family practice in Wisconsin. 75 39

The association between urinary albumin:creatinine ratio and other cardiovascular risk factors such as age, blood pressure, obesity, glycemic indices, insulin and lipid profile was examined in a population in a Chinese community consisting of 795 men (mean age 35.8 +/- 8.8 yr) and 538 women (mean age 37.9 +/- 8.9 yr) with a normal glucose tolerance defined by WHO criteria. Men with a urinary albumin:creatinine ratio above the 90th percentile had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h glucose after a 75 g oral glucose load, and fasting serum insulin. Women with high urinary albumin:creatinine values had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, fasting insulin and triglycerides. Multivariate analysis showed that only systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose in men, and diastolic blood pressure and fasting insulin in women, independently contributed to urinary albumin:creatinine. When the effect of blood pressure was eliminated by excluding subjects with systolic blood pressure > 140 and diastolic > 90 mm Hg, only fasting insulin was associated with urinary albumin:creatinine in women. No associations were found for men. We conclude that microalbuminuria may be a marker for cardiovascular disease only because of its association with blood pressure in men, while in women, there is an additional independent association with fasting serum insulin.
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PMID:Microalbuminuria and other cardiovascular risk factors in nondiabetic subjects. 146 18

We investigated sex- and menopause-related differences in body composition and regional fat distribution, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in nonobese healthy volunteers. Men (n = 103) had a 50% greater lean tissue mass (P less than 0.001) but a 13% lower fat mass (P less than 0.001) than the women (n = 131). Postmenopausal (n = 70) women had a 20% greater fat mass (P less than 0.001) than premenopausal (n = 61) women. The proportion of android (upper body) fat was greatest in men (48.6%, P less than 0.001) but was significantly lower in premenopausal (38.3%) than in postmenopausal (42.1%) women (P less than 0.001). The reverse was found for gynoid (lower body) fat (P less than 0.001). DEXA measurements thus clearly demonstrated that sex differences in total fat mass were opposite those of android fat, and that marked menopausal changes in fat mass and its distribution existed. Body mass indices did not demonstrate that men had less total fat than women whereas postmenopausal women had more total fat than did premenopausal women. Our findings suggest that DEXA measurements of fat distribution may be useful for studies related to obesity-associated disease risk.
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PMID:Sex- and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution. 157 Aug 2

To investigate an association between colon cancer and obesity during early adulthood--a potentially important period in the etiology of this disease--the authors assembled, by computer linkage, a population-based historical cohort of 52,539 men born between 1913 and 1927 residing in Hawaii (USA), for whom weight and height had been recorded in 1942-43 and 1972. Linkage of this cohort to the Hawaii Tumor Registry resulted in the identification of 737 incident cases of colorectal cancer for 1972-86. An average of 3.8 cancer-free controls were matched to each case on month and year of birth and ethnicity of the parents. A case-control analysis in each anatomic subsite of the large bowel revealed that both early and middle-age body mass increased the risk of sigmoid cancer in men in a dose-dependent fashion. The odds ratios (OR) for sigmoid cancer for the highest compared with the lowest tertiles of Quetelet index were: 2.1 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-3.2) and 1.7 (CI = 1.1-2.5), at ages 15-29 and in prediagnostic years, respectively. These associations were additive and independent of socioeconomic status. Men who were above the median Quetelet index in 1942 and 1972 had an OR of 2.7 (CI = 1.8-4.0), compared with those who were below the median in both periods. This study provides further evidence for an association of obesity with colon cancer in men and suggests that this association is limited to the sigmoid colon and may be related to both early and late events of colon carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Obesity in youth and middle age and risk of colorectal cancer in men. 161 22

Adipose tissue distribution in man is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. The total and regional masses of adipose tissue are dependent on the number of adipocytes as well as their degree of filling with depot fat. Currently available evidence does not suggest a specific regional regulation of fat cell multiplication in subcutaneous depots, which instead seems to occur at a certain critical degree of filling of available adipocytes. The control of the rate of filling of adipocytes then seems to be the main factor determining the local, regional mass of adipose tissue. This in turn is regulated by the balance between the lipid accumulating and mobilization processes. The steroid hormones exert major permissive effects on these processes. It seems likely that the resulting effect of the rate of secretion of various steroid hormones, and the local density of their specific receptors, decide the regional distribution of body fat. Physiological and clinical situations with defined differences in these regulatory factors would then be expected to have characteristically different adipose tissue distribution. Sex differences include a larger subcutaneous adipose tissue in women than men, explainable at least partly by a depot in the gluteal-femoral region in women, which is essentially absent in non-obese men. Men on the other hand seem to have a larger proportion of their adipose tissue organ localized intra-abdominally. In addition, the gluteal-femoral fat cells are specifically enlarged in women, and have a higher lipoprotein lipase activity. While the larger adipose tissue in non-obese women may well be genetically linked, the specific characteristics of the gluteal-femoral adipocytes are most likely regulated by female sex steroid hormones. Another apparent sex difference is the ability of women to protect visceral depots from fat accumulation up to a certain degree of obesity, while men deposit excess fat in this region in parallel with other depots. This might, at least partly, simply be explainable by the smaller 'available space' in male than female adipose tissue. It should be emphasized that the effects of sex steroid hormones on the regulation of adipocyte metabolism occur only in concert with cortisol, which is always present. Cortisol itself expresses lipoprotein lipase activity as well as beta-adrenergic receptors (BARs), and probably has additional effects, not yet revealed. The net effect seems, however, to be lipid accumulation as seen in the apparently glucocorticoid receptor (GR) dense visceral adipose tissue in conditions of glucocorticoid excess, such as Cushing's syndrome. The effects of the sex steroid hormones should be regarded against this background.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Adipose tissue distribution and function. 179 41

The association between serum Lp(a) concentration, a risk factor for atherothrombotic disease, and other cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, alcohol intake, hypertension, obesity, and indices of glycemic control is examined in a cohort of 313 elderly Chinese subjects (M = 160, mean age +/- SD = 68 +/- 11 year; F = 153, mean age +/- SD = 73 +/- 11). Although associations existed for the above risk factors and other serum lipid levels, there was no association with serum Lp(a) concentration in the overall population. Men with Lp(a) greater than or equal to 30 mg/dl had a higher mean age and blood pressure. A higher percentage of subjects with Lp(a) greater than or equal to 30 mg/dl had a family history of stroke, although the total number of those with a family history was too small to reach statistical significance. The lack of association with known modifiable cardiovascular risk factors is compatible with the conclusion that Lp(a) concentration is primarily under genetic control and therefore unlikely to be a modifiable risk factor.
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PMID:Association of serum lipoprotein(a) concentration with other cardiovascular risk factors in a Chinese population. 183 21

The purpose of this study was to determine if the major risk factors for clinical myocardial infarction also predicted coronary artery stenosis as defined by arteriography. Of a cohort of 7,591 men who were free of cardiovascular disease at entry, 357 had arteriographic studies during a 20-year follow-up period. Risk factor levels were therefore known prior to the onset of clinical symptoms and arteriographic studies. Men with arteriograms were divided into groups with and without prior clinical myocardial infarction. High blood pressure, serum cholesterol, obesity, and low alcohol intake predicted both severe coronary stenosis and incident myocardial infarction, thus indicating that these variables were associated with clinical events through the underlying process of atherosclerosis. Dietary intake of cholesterol and serum glucose also had similar but not always statistically significant patterns of association with both coronary stenosis and myocardial infarction. In contrast, serum triglyceride and cigarette smoking predicted clinical myocardial infarction, but not severe coronary stenosis. This suggests that these variables play a stronger role in the precipitation of acute clinical events than in the underlying process of atherosclerosis. The findings were quite different for several risk factors when analyzed in a case-control format using the arteriography series from this same data set. Examination of possible explanations for the differences raises questions concerning the use of arteriography series for etiologic studies of coronary atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Predictors of arteriographically defined coronary stenosis in the Honolulu Heart Program. Comparisons of cohort and arteriography series analyses. 186 96


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