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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human ciliary neurotrophic factor (hCNTF) and its derivatives are promising therapeutics for obesity associated with diabetes. To reduce its side effects and increase its efficacy, superagonist mutein of human CNTF was constructed by the introduction of S165D/Q166H mutation into AX15(R13K), which is a mutein of naturally occurring hCNTF, with improved biological activity, stability, solubility and KEX2 resistance. In vitro TF-1 cell survival assay and in vivo antiobesity tests showed DH-AX(R13K) was about 5 fold more potent than AX15(R13K). It was further demonstrated that the antiobesity effect of DH-AX15(R13K) was more durable than that of AX15(R13K). The more durable effects of DH-AX15(R13K) is ascribed to its higher specific activity, but not to its prolonged half-life. The superagonist mutein of human CNTF would have an improved side effect profile and thus have superior therapeutic potential.
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PMID:[Construction of superagonist mutein of human CNTF and its expression in Pichia pastoris]. 1598 33

To increase the in vivo half-life of human CNTF mutein AX15 (R13K), HSA-AX15 (R13K) fusion protein was constructed by the fusion of the C-terminus of HSA to the N-terminus of AX15 (R13K) via an 11 amino acids linker. HSA-AX15 (R13K) fusion protein was purified to homogeneity by cation exchange chromatography, reverse phase chromatography and gel filtration after expressed in pichia pastoris. TF-1 cell survival bioassay showed the biological activity of AX15 (R13K) was not affected by the fusion to HSA. It was demonstrated that tertian injection of 4.8 mg/kg HSA-AX15 (R13K) fusion protein could produce more potent anti-obesity effects on KM mice than daily injection of 1.6 mg/kg AX15 (R13K). The long-acting form of hCNTF variant has the potential to reduce discomfort by requiring fewer injections and to minimize the side-effects by decreasing the dosage and fluctuation of plasma concentration, and thus has superior clinical application.
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PMID:[Purification and activity assay of HSA-AX15 (R13K) fusion protein expressed in Pichia pastoris]. 1601 85

Disruption of the leptin signaling pathway within the heart causes left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Because human obesity is a syndrome of leptin resistance, which is not amenable to leptin treatment, the identification of parallel signal transduction pathways is of potential therapeutic value. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), which acts parallel to leptin in the hypothalamus, is not previously recognized to have cardiac activity. We hypothesized that CNTF receptors are present on cardiomyocytes and their activation reverses LVH in both leptin-deficient ob/ob and leptin-resistant db/db mice. The localization of CNTF receptors (CNTFRalpha) to the sarcolemma in C57BL/6, ob/ob and db/db was confirmed in situ with immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting (60 and 40 kDa) on isolated myocytes. ob/ob mice were randomly assigned to receive s.c. recombinant CNTF (CNTF(Ax15); 0.1 mg x kg(-1) per day; n = 11) calorie-restriction (n = 9), or feeding ad libitum (n = 11). db/db mice were allocated to three similar groups (n = 8, 7, and 8, respectively) plus a leptin group (1 mg x kg(-1) per day; n = 7). Echocardiography showed that CNTF(Ax15) reduced cardiac hypertrophy [posterior wall thickness decreased by 29 +/- 8% (P < 0.01) in ob/ob and by 21 +/- 3% in db/db mice (P < 0.01)], which was consistent with the reduction of myocyte width. Western blotting showed that leptin and CNTF(Ax15) activated Stat3 and ERK1/2 pathway in cultured adult mice cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissue from in ob/ob and db/db mice. Together, these findings support the role of a previously undescribed signaling pathway in obesity-associated cardiac hypertrophy and have therapeutic implications for patients with obesity-related cardiovascular disease and other causes of LVH.
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PMID:Activation of the cardiac ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor reverses left ventricular hypertrophy in leptin-deficient and leptin-resistant obesity. 1653 12

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces weight loss and improves glucose tolerance in humans and rodents. CNTF is thought to act centrally by inducing hypothalamic neurogenesis to modulate food intake and peripherally by altering hepatic gene expression, in a manner similar to that of leptin. Here, we show that CNTF signals through the CNTFRalpha-IL-6R-gp130beta receptor complex to increase fatty-acid oxidation and reduce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), independent of signaling through the brain. Thus, our findings further show that the antiobesogenic effects of CNTF in the periphery result from direct effects on skeletal muscle, and that these peripheral effects are not suppressed by diet-induced or genetic models of obesity, an essential requirement for the therapeutic treatment of obesity-related diseases.
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PMID:CNTF reverses obesity-induced insulin resistance by activating skeletal muscle AMPK. 1667 97

We examined the actions of a second-generation ciliary neurotrophic factor analog (CNTF(Ax15)) on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known regulator of food intake. Unlike leptin CNTF(Ax15) has been shown to reduce food intake in obese rodents and humans. Intraperitoneal injection of CNTF(Ax15) acutely (45 min) reduced hypothalamic AMPKalpha2 activity, AMPKalpha2Thr172 phosphorylation, and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase phosphorylation, effects not observed 2 or 6 h after injection. Intracerebroventricular CNTF(Ax15) reduced food intake, increased arcuate nucleus (ARC) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation, and reduced AMPK signaling but not in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), posterior hypothalamus, or cortex. To compare the effects of leptin and CNTF(Ax15) in a diet-induced model of obesity, mice were fed a control carbohydrate or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 wk. Leptin treatment ip reduced food intake in control mice but not in mice fed a HFD. In contrast, ip CNTF markedly reduced food intake in both control and HFD animals. Both leptin and CNTF reduced AMPK activity and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase phosphorylation in the ARC and PVN of control-fed mice. A HFD blunted leptin but not CNTF effects on AMPK signaling in the ARC and PVN. In summary, these data demonstrate that CNTF(Ax15) bypasses diet-induced leptin resistance to reduce hypothalamic AMPK activity.
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PMID:Ciliary neurotrophic factor suppresses hypothalamic AMP-kinase signaling in leptin-resistant obese mice. 1667 25

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) can lead to weight loss by up-regulating energy metabolism and the expression of UCP-1 in mitochondria. To investigate the up-stream regulators of the expression of UCP-1, recombinant human CNTF (rhCNTF) (0.1, 0.3, 0.9 mg/kg/day s.c.) administered to KK-Ay mice for 30 days resulting in reductions in body weight and perirenal fat mass. In brown adipose tissues, the gene expressions of nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFam) and uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 were found up-regulated by rhCNTF. To the best of our knowledge, these effects represent new insights on the mechanisms of action of weight loss by rhCNTF. In addition, we also found that rhCNTF increased the activity of mitochondrial complex IV. The stimulation of NRF-1, TFam, UCP-1 and the enhanced activity of mitochondrial complex IV may be associated with remedying obesity. The result indicates that rhCNTF can enhance the expressions of NRF-1 and TFam, both of which can up-regulate the expression of UCP-1.
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PMID:Recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor reduces weight partly by regulating nuclear respiratory factor 1 and mitochondrial transcription factor A. 1739 29

Obesity is characterized by an expanded adipose tissue mass, and reversing obesity reduces the risk of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) reverses obesity by promoting the preferential loss of white adipose tissue. We evaluated the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which CNTF regulates adiposity. Obese mice fed a high-fat diet were treated with saline or recombinant CNTF for 10 d, and adipose tissue was removed for analysis. Another group fed a high-fat diet was pair fed to CNTF mice. In separate experiments, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with CNTF to examine metabolic responses and signaling. CNTF reduced adipose mass that resulted from reductions in adipocyte area and triglyceride content. CNTF treatment did not affect lipolysis but resulted in decreases in fat esterification and lipogenesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation. The enhanced fat oxidation was associated with the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC1alpha) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 and increases in oxidative phosphorylation subunits and mitochondrial biogenesis as determined by electron microscopy. Studies in cultured adipocytes revealed that CNTF activates p38 MAPK and AMP-activated protein kinase. Inhibiting p38 activation prevented the CNTF-induced increase in PGC1alpha but not AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Diminished food intake with pair feeding induced similar decreases in fat mass, but this was related to increased expression of uncoupling protein 1. We conclude that CNTF reprograms adipose tissue to promote mitochondrial biogenesis, enhancing oxidative capacity and reducing lipogenic capacity, thereby resulting in triglyceride loss.
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PMID:Metabolic remodeling in adipocytes promotes ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated fat loss in obesity. 1827 54

Administration of CNTF durably reduces food intake and body weight in obese humans and rodent models. However, the involvement of endogenous CNTF in the central regulation of energy homeostasis needs to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that CNTF and its receptor are expressed in the arcuate nucleus, a key hypothalamic region controlling food intake, and that CNTF levels are inversely correlated to body weight in rats fed a high-sucrose diet. Thus endogenous CNTF may act, in some individuals, as a protective factor against weight gain during hypercaloric diet and could account for individual differences in the susceptibility to obesity.
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PMID:A putative physiological role of hypothalamic CNTF in the control of energy homeostasis. 1895 Jun 28

Obesity can be considered as a low grade inflammatory disease, characterized by increased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumoral necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and acute phase reactant proteins like C-reactive protein. In this context, some cytokines of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family have been involved in the inflammatory processes associated to obesity. In addition to IL-6, the IL-6 cytokine family includes IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (cntf), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) y Oncostatin M (OsM). These proteins are also known as gp130 cytokines because all of them exert their action via the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) as a common transducer protein within their functional receptor complexes. However, their role in obesity and related disorders is controversial; thus, whereas some studies have described the involvement of gp130 cytokines in the development of obesity and its related cluster of pathophysiologic conditions like insulin-resistance, fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases, other trials have proposed the gp130 receptor ligands as therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity and its related disorders. In fact, CNTF treatment has demonstrated to be effective in the reduction of body weight, by promoting the inhibition of food intake and the activation of the energy expenditure, together with an improvement of insulin sensitivity. This review analyzes the potential therapeutic role of some of the gp130 ligands in obesity and related diseases.
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PMID:[Obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance: role of gp 130 receptor ligands]. 1895 60

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been shown to decrease food intake in mouse models of obesity and to improve insulin sensitivity. It is well known that tight regulation of glucose metabolism is essential for successful gestational outcomes (e.g. fetal growth), and that abnormal insulin resistance is associated with preeclampsia (PE). To investigate the possibility that CNTF might be involved in the regulation of insulin resistance during pregnancy, circulating levels of CNTF were assessed in non-pregnant, normal pregnant, postpartum, and pregnant women with PE. Sera from healthy non-pregnant women (n = 10), pregnant women (n = 30:1st trimester; n = 10, 2nd trimester n = 10; 3rd trimester; n = 10), postpartum women (n = 10), and patients with PE (n = 11) were studied with Western blotting. Circulating CNTF was detected by Western blotting, and the levels of CNTF in pregnant women were decreased as compared with those in non-pregnant women, and tended to decrease as pregnancy progressed. A significant decrease was found in PE as compared with normal pregnancy. Circulating CNTF might be associated with physiological and abnormal insulin resistance during pregnancy.
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PMID:Circulating levels of ciliary neurotrophic factor in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. 2042 68


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