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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Fatty acid synthesis, measured in the perfused liver of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice with 3H2O or [14C]actate, did not show the inhibition by [8-arginine]vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) that is observed in livers from normal mice. 2. Hepatic glycogen breakdown in obese mice was stimuulated by vasopressin, but not as extensively as in lean mice. 3. If obese mice received a restricted amount of food, then fatty acid synthesis still did not respond to vasopressin, but glycogen breakdown was fully stimulated. 4. Cholesterol synthesis was not inhibited by vasopressin in livers from obese mice. 5. Vasopressin inhibited fatty acid synthesis in intact lean mice, but not in obese animals. 6. These results suggest that genetic obesity could be due to an inborn error within the mechanisms (other than adenylate cyclase) which mediate responses to extracellular effectors.
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PMID:Resistance to hepatic action of vasopressin in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. 100 43

We describe a case of Cushing's syndrome caused by a phaeochromocytoma secreting corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and corticotrophin (ACTH). A 49-year-old white woman presented with a 1-month history of lower limb oedema, polydipsia and polyuria. Physical examination revealed a patient with plethoric facies, lanugo-type facial hair, central obesity, red abdominal striae, lower limb oedema, and blood pressure of 210/115 mmHg. Laboratory studies showed high plasma ACTH and markedly elevated urinary cortisol excretion that suppressed more than 50% with high-dose dexamethasone administration. Computed tomographic scan of the abdomen showed a 4-cm left adrenal tumour. Catecholamines and metabolites were markedly increased in a 24-hour urine collection. Results of venous catheterization studies showed that CRH and ACTH were secreted by the tumour. In addition, with ovine CRH administration, inferior petrosal sinus sampling showed pituitary secretion of ACTH. Left adrenalectomy resulted in complete remission of Cushing's syndrome. Light microscopic and immunohistochemical studies revealed a phaeochromocytoma that produced CRH, ACTH and vasopressin. RNA studies showed that this tumour, in contrast to normal adrenal and other reported phaeochromocytomas, transcribed a lone pituitary-sized (1200 nucleotide) pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA. This is the second reported case of a CRH-secreting phaeochromocytoma.
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PMID:Cushing's syndrome associated with ectopic production of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, corticotrophin and vasopressin by a phaeochromocytoma. 128 18

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), acting through various medial hypothalamic nuclei, is found to have potent effects on a variety of endocrine, physiological and behavioral systems that modulate energy balance. This peptide affects the release of various hormones, such as corticosterone, insulin, aldosterone and vasopressin, which modulate energy metabolism, as well as food intake. It also has direct impact on energy metabolism through an effect on substrate utilization and lipogenesis. Finally, NPY has a remarkably potent stimulatory effect on feeding behavior, which is characterized by a selective increase in carbohydrate ingestion that is strongest at the beginning of the active feeding cycle and is dependent upon circulating levels of corticosterone. This evidence has led to the proposal that NPY exerts anabolic effects to restore energy balance at specific times of energy depletion. Increased NPY activity may occur at the beginning of the active cycle or after a period of food deprivation. Further evidence, that chronic NPY stimulation produces profound hyperphagia and obesity and that endogenous NPY concentration is increased in genetically obese animals, strongly suggests that hypothalamic NPY may contribute to the development of eating disorders and obesity.
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PMID:Brain neuropeptide Y: an integrator of endocrine, metabolic and behavioral processes. 195 27

In a brief review the author presents selected results of endocrinological research, published in 1989 to 1990. In the sphere of peptide hormones he mentions findings on the reduced level of the endothelial relaxation factor in the blood stream in atherosclerosis, the classification of endothelin with neuropeptides and the existence of a vasopressin antagonist which causes polyuria after operations of the hypothalamus. Hybrid hormones (biotechnologically prepared combined molecules), mammastatins (inhibitors of proliferation of mammary cell cultures lacking in transformed cultures) and adipsin (a peptide factor lacking in some types of experimental obesity) are other recent advances. Findings on endogenous benzodiazepine substances (occupying receptors for diazepines) and of an endogeneous factor for receptors for tetrahydrocanabinols supplement the contemporary picture. Adrenocortex stimulating immunoglobulins may be the cause of hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, similarly as TSI is the cause of Graves-Basedow's disease. In the latter evidence of a retroviral aetiology was provided.
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PMID:[Endocrinology 1989-1990]. 207 Mar 86

The authors report two cases of pseudotumor cerebri in patients taking lithium for treatment of bipolar disorder. Pseudotumor cerebri is a poorly understood syndrome characterized by chronic headaches, bilateral papilledema, and increased intracranial pressure without localized neurologic signs or symptoms, intracranial mass, or hydrocephalus. Ventriculography, computed tomography, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging reveal normal or small ventricles. Multiple etiologies may include Vitamin A toxicity, obesity, head trauma, hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, prolonged steroid therapy or its withdrawal, Addison's disease, Cushing's disease, pituitary insufficiency, and lithium therapy. Patients treated with lithium whose antidiuretic hormone-cyclic adenosine monophosphate mechanism is disturbed are most likely to develop pseudotumor cerebri via disregulation of sodium balance, thyroid-stimulating hormone production, and glucose metabolism. The authors recommend careful medical monitoring to avoid iatrogenic effects of lithium, including pseudotumor cerebri.
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PMID:Pseudotumor cerebri associated with lithium therapy in two patients. 203 32

As is obvious from the previous discussions, obesity is associated with a wide variety of changes in endocrine parameters (Table 1). Some of these changes, such as the reduction in SHBG without change in serum free testosterone levels, reflect merely laboratory abnormalities that may influence interpretation of diagnostic tests but have no important physiologic relevance. Other abnormalities have major clinical impact, such as hyperestrogenemia-endometrial carcinoma and hyperlipidemia-coronary artery disease. In some cases, endocrine changes in obesity are beneficial--that is, hyperestrogenemia leading to lower incidence of osteoporosis. In other cases, such as the profound suppression of growth hormone output in obesity, the physiologic relevance is unknown. Several endocrine changes in obesity, such as the impaired response of many hormones (growth hormone, prolactin, vasopressin, corticotropin) to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and elevated endorphin levels, suggest hypothalamic dysfunction. Furthermore, the failure of all of these abnormalities to be normalized after weight reduction raises the possibility of an underlying disorder leading to both endocrine dysfunction and obesity, rather than the endocrine dysfunction being simply a consequence of the obesity. Successful elucidation of the pathogenesis of obesity, which might then lead to much needed specific treatment modalities, may be advanced if we can solve some of these puzzles.
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PMID:Endocrine aspects of obesity. 264 1

Periodic hormonogenesis has been described in patients with ACTH-dependent hypercorticism, and fluctuations of cortisol secretion have also been observed in patients with adrenal tumors. In this report, we studied a 41-year-old white male who presented with hypertension, central obesity, and muscle weakness of 2-years duration. His plasma cortisol was low (4.5 micrograms) in the morning and high in the evening (29.3 micrograms). Urinary free cortisol was 750 micrograms/day. A 24-hour cycle demonstrated highest values at noon and in late afternoon. This pattern was not suppressed by dexamethasone. When the patient was kept fasting, plasma cortisol remained low all day, and became elevated immediately after meal administration overnight. A left-sided adrenal mass was demonstrated and removed. In vitro, the adenylate cyclase activity of tumor tissue demonstrated more significant response to vasopressin than to ACTH; other tested peptides were inactive. We propose that a humoral factor induced by eating was responsible for the periodic hormonogenesis, directly stimulating the adrenal secretion of cortisol.
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PMID:Cushing syndrome with food-dependent periodic hormonogenesis. 283 Oct 1

To determine the nature, extent, and severity of renal involvement in Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome (obesity, mental retardation, polydactyly, hypogonadism, and pigmented retinal dystrophy), we evaluated 20 of 30 patients with the disorder identified from ophthalmologic records in Newfoundland. The mean age was 31 years, and seven were male. All 20 patients had structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys or both. Three had end-stage renal disease, with two requiring maintenance hemodialysis. The remaining 17 patients had normal serum creatinine values and estimated creatinine clearances. Half the subjects had hypertension. Fourteen of 17 patients could not concentrate urine above 750 mOsm per kilogram of body weight even after vasopressin, whereas all 10 normal controls could. Urinary pH decreased below 5.3 after ammonium chloride administration in all 15 normal controls, but in only 13 of 18 patients. Calyceal clubbing or blunting was evident in 18 of 19 patients studied by intravenous pyelography; 13 patients had calyceal cysts or diverticula. Seventeen of 19 patients had lobulated renal outlines of the fetal type. Four patients had diffuse renal cortical loss, but only two of these had renal insufficiency. We conclude that Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome includes the presence of renal abnormalities.
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PMID:The spectrum of renal disease in Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome. 341 78

Possible involvement of an endogenous digitalislike substance (EDLS) in blood pressure regulation was investigated using a Japanese population. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly correlated with urinary excretion of the EDLS, age, and the obesity index. The plasma EDLS correlated with urinary EDLS. Urinary EDLS excretion well correlated with the inhibitory activity on Na+,K+-ATPase, and also with the urinary excretion of NaCl. Obesity index correlated with the Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition and arterial pressure. Although plasma content of atrial natriuretic polypeptide correlated with the urinary Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition, it did not correlate with the rest of all parameters. Plasma vasopressin level did not correlate with these parameters either. These results clearly indicate that the circulating EDLS (ie, Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor) is implicated in the hypertension associated with an excess intake of sodium, aging and obesity.
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PMID:Endogenous digitalislike substance in an adult population in Japan. 341 95

The long-term results of surgical and specific drug therapy were compared in a group of 57 patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) (46 with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), 11 with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia). Unilateral adrenalectomy completely normalized blood pressure (BP) in 77.1% of surgically treated APA, evidently improving hypertension in remaining 22.9%. No recurrence of the adenoma in the remaining adrenal was seen in any of the surgical APA cases. In 19 of the non-surgical patients (11 with APA, 8 with IHA) monotherapy with spironolactone reduced blood pressure in 73%, though total BP normalization was an exception. The treatment normalized hypokalemia, low total exchangeable potassium, tendency to hypernatremia, and high total exchangeable sodium. Surgical as well as conservative therapy increased to normal or above-normal levels plasma renin activity suppressed prior to treatment. Pre-operatively high urine and plasma aldosterone levels normalized in all adrenalectomized patients, but remained above the normal range during spironolactone therapy in spite of a small decline in its absolute values. The disturbances of maximum renal concentrating capacity due to impaired nephron responsiveness to sufficiently high endogenous vasopressin concentrations were completely eliminated after kaliopenic nephropathy had been repaired. The other renal functions remained within normal values. Echocardiographically diagnosed left ventricular hypertrophy was seen less often than in the other types of arterial hypertension, tending to regress after APA management. Our longitudinal study (2-16 years) showed primary aldosteronism as a well curable, albeit rare, cause of hypertension. As regards BP and laboratory tests normalization, better results were achieved in surgical APA cases than in patients treated with spironolactone. Older age, longer history of hypertension and more frequent incidence of obesity, nephrosclerosis and pyelonephritis may be responsible for hypertension persisting after surgical treatment.
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PMID:Long-term results of surgical and conservative treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism. 345 May 33


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