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 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The importance of free fatty acids (FFA) and adipocytokines released from adipocytes in the development of insulin resistance is discussed in this review article. FFA may cause insulin resistance through so-called Rundle cycle and may also inhibit glucose uptake by skeletal muscles. Adipocytokines, bioactive substances secreted from adipose tissue may have important roles in occurrence of insulin resistance. For example, TNF-alpha from adipocytes reduces tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity. A novel collagen-like protein, adiponectin inhibits TNF-alpha induced cell phenomena and its reduction at obesity may be one of molecular mechanism of insulin resistance.
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PMID:[Adipocyte function and insulin resistance]. 1070 55

To elucidate the biological characteristics of adipose tissue, we analyzed the gene expression profile of visceral and subcutaneous fat. Unexpectedly, adipose tissue, especially visceral fat, expressed a variety of genes for secretory proteins. About 30% of the genes expressed in visceral adipose tissue encoded secretory proteins and most were biologically active molecules, which we called adipocytokines. We found plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and heparin binding EGF-like growth factor. Production of these atherogenic adipocytokines was shown to increase with the accumulation of visceral fat, which may be one of the mechanisms of vascular disease in visceral obesity. We found a unique and novel collagen-like protein, adiponectin, encoded by the most abundantly expressed gene in adipose tissue, termed APM1 (adipose most abundant gene transcript-1). Plasma levels of adiponectin ranged from 0.3 to approximately 3 mg/dl but were decreased in patients with visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD). Screening for mutations in the adiponectin gene revealed that patients carrying a missense mutation showed markedly decreased plasma levels of adiponectin and had CAD. These data suggest that hypoadiponectinemia may be considered an important risk factor for CAD. Cell biology studies revealed that adiponectin has a potent inhibitory effect on the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and an inhibitory effect on the expression in macrophages. In order to confirm these antidiabetic and antiatherogenic functions of adiponectin, we developed adiponectin knockout mice. Adiponectin knockout mice showed severe insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism when fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Knockout mice also developed intimal thickening in response to endothelial injury.
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PMID:Importance of adipocytokines in obesity-related diseases. 1467 98

Recently, adipocytes have been shown to be endocrine cells that secrete a variety of bioactive substances-the so-called adipocytokines. Among adipocytokines, tumor necrotizing factor alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor are produced in adipocytes as well as already known organs, and they contribute to the development of vascular diseases. Visfatin is a very recently discovered visceral fat-specific protein that may be related to the development of obesity-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In contrast to these adipocytokines, adiponectin, also a newfound adipose tissue-specific collagen-like protein, has been noted recently as an important antiatherogenic as well as antidiabetic protein. The function of adipocytokine secretion might be regulated dynamically by nutritional state. Visceral fat accumulation causes dysfunction of adipocytes including oversecretion of tumor necrotizing factor alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, as well as hyposecretion of adiponectin, which results in the development of a variety of metabolic and circulatory diseases. In this review, the importance of adipocytokines, including adiponectin, is discussed with respect to atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Adipocytokines and metabolic syndrome. 1596 78

Adipocytes have recently been shown to secrete a variety of bioactive substances called 'adipocytokines', and have been recognized as endocrine cells. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alphaalpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and heparin-binding epidermal-growth-factor-like growth factor (HBEGF) are among these adipocytokines, and they contribute to the development of vascular diseases. Visfatin is a visceral fat-specific protein that may be related to the development of obesity-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In contrast, adiponectin, an adipose-tissue-specific collagen-like protein, has recently been reported as an important anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic protein. Adipocytokine secretion may be regulated dynamically by the nutritional state. Visceral fat accumulation leads to dysfunction of adipocytes (including hypersecretion of TNF-alphaalpha, PAI-1 and HBEGF, and hyposecretion of adiponectin), which results in the development of a variety of metabolic and circulatory diseases. In this review, the importance of adipocytokines, including adiponectin, is discussed with respect to cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:White adipose tissue and cardiovascular disease. 1631 Dec 22

Abdominal fat accumulation has been shown to play crucial roles in the development of metabolic syndrome. Visceral fat accumulation particularly is closely correlated to the development of cardiovascular disease and obesity-related disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Given these clinical findings, the functions of adipocytes have been intensively investigated in the past 10 years, and have been revealed to act as endocrine cells that secrete various bioactive substances termed adipocytokines. Among adipocytokines, tumor-necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor are produced in adipocytes as well as other organs, and contribute to the development of vascular diseases. Visfatin has been identified as a visceral-fat-specific protein that might be involved in the development of obesity-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In contrast to these adipocytokines, adiponectin, which is an adipose-tissue-specific, collagen-like protein, has been noted as an important antiatherogenic and antidiabetic protein, or as an anti-inflammatory protein. The functions of adipocytokine secretion might be regulated dynamically by nutritional state. Visceral fat accumulation causes dysregulation of adipocyte functions, including oversecretion of tumor-necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and hyposecretion of adiponectin, which results in the development of a variety of metabolic and circulatory diseases. In this review, the importance of adipocytokines, particularly adiponectin, is discussed with respect to cardiovascular diseases.
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PMID:Therapy Insight: adipocytokines in metabolic syndrome and related cardiovascular disease. 1639 16

Visceral fat accumulation has been shown to play crucial roles in the development of cardiovascular disease as well as the development of obesity-related disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and hypertension and the so-called metabolic syndrome. Given these clinical findings, adipocytes functions have been intensively investigated in the past 10 years, and have been revealed to act as endocrine cells that have been termed adipocytokines, which secrete various bioactive substances. Among adipocytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor are produced in adipocytes as well as other organs, and may contribute to the development of vascular diseases. Visfatin has been identified as a visceral-fat-specific protein that might be involved in the development of obesity-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. On the contrary to these adipocytokines, adiponectin, an adipose-tissue-specific, collagen-like protein, has been noted as an important antiatherogenic and antidiabetic protein, or as an anti-inflammatory protein. The functions of adipocytokine secretion might be regulated dynamically by nutritional state. Visceral fat accumulation causes dysregulation of adipocyte functions, including oversecretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth and hyposecretion of adiponectin, which results in the development of a variety of metabolic and circulatory diseases. In this review, the importance of adipocytokines, especially focusing on adiponectin is discussed with respect to cardiovascular diseases.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome and adipocytokines. 1667 47

Although obesity is a major background of life style-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus, lipid disorder, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, the extent of whole body fat accumulation does not necessarily the determinant for the occurrence of these diseases. We developed the method for body fat analysis using CT scan and established the concept of visceral fat obesity, in other word metabolic syndrome in which intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation has an important role in the development of diabetes, lipid disorder, hypertension and atherosclerosis. In order to clarify the mechanism that visceral fat accumulation causes metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, we have analyzed gene expression profile in subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue. From the analysis, we found that adipose tissue, especially visceral adipose tissue expressed abundantly the genes encoding bioactive substances such as cytokines, growth factors and complements. In addition to known bioactive substances, we found a novel collagen-like protein which we named adiponectin. Adiponectin is present in plasma at a very high concentration and is inversely associated with visceral fat accumulation. Adiponectin has anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and anti-atherogenic properties and recent studies revealed that this protein has an anti-inflammatory and anti-oncogenic function. Therefore hypoadiponectinemia induced by visceral fat accumulation should become a strong risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and also some kinds of cancers.In this review article, I would like to discuss the mechanism of life style-related diseases by focusing on the dysregulation of adiponectin related to obesity, especially visceral obesity.
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PMID:Establishment of a concept of visceral fat syndrome and discovery of adiponectin. 2015 70

Metabolic syndrome is a highly atherogenic state in which hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension cluster in one individual. Intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation plays a key role in the development of these disorders and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. We have investigated adipocyte functions intensively in the past 10 years and have revealed that these cells act as endocrine cells secreting a variety of bioactive substances, termed adipocytokines. Among adipocytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor are produced in adipocytes as well as other organs and may contribute to the development of vascular diseases. Visfatin was identified recently as a visceral-fat-specific protein that might be involved in the development of obesity-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In contrast to these adipocytokines, adiponectin, an adipose tissue-specific, collagen-like protein, has been noted as an important antiatherogenic and antidiabetic protein or as an anti-inflammatory protein. The functions of adipocytokine secretion might be regulated dynamically by nutritional state. Visceral fat accumulation causes dysregulation of adipocyte functions, including oversecretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and visfatin and hyposecretion of adiponectin simultaneously, which results in the development of a variety of metabolic and circulatory diseases. In this article, the importance of adipocytokines, focusing particularly on adiponectin, is discussed with respect to lifestyle-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome and adipocytokines. 2047 50

Adiponectin is a novel collagen-like protein synthesized by white adipose tissue. Its levels are decreased in obesity, type-2 diabetes and insulin-resistant states, and are increased in chronic renal failure. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. This study was planned to evaluate the levels of adiponectin in uremic patients with and without diabetes and to find any relationship between adiponectin levels and some cardiovascular risk factors, and to determine the possible predictive value of adiponectin for cardiovascular complications (CVC). The study included 100 subjects, 20 of them were healthy subjects and served as the control group (group I), 40 were uremic non-diabetic patients (group II) (half of them were without CVC, group IIA, and the other half were patients with CVC, group IIB) and, lastly, 40 uremic diabetic patients (group III) (half of them were without CVC, group IIIA, and the other half were patients with CVC, group IIIB). All subjects were subjected to complete clinical examination, including determination of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio, routine laboratory investigations, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, lipid profile (cholesterol, TG, LDL, HDL), determination of insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA-IR) and estimation of serum levels of adiponectin. There was a significant increase in serum adiponectin levels in all the uremic patients (group II and group III) when compared with the control (group I) group, P <0.01; also, serum adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in uremic diabetic patients (group III) when compared with uremic non-diabetic patients (group II), P <0.01; but this was still higher than in the controls. The patients with CVC, whether uremic non-diabetic (group IIB) or uremic diabetic (group IIIB), had a significant decrease in serum adiponectin levels when compared with patients without CVC (group IIA and group IIIA), P <0.01. Serum adiponectin has a significant positive correlation with HDL and a significant negative correlation with MABP, BMI, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL, TG and cholesterol in all the patients. Therefore, it can be concluded that adiponectin levels in uremic patients, whether diabetic or non-diabetic, may be a good indicator of cardiovascular disease risk.
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PMID:Association of adiponectin with cardiovascular events in diabetic and non-diabetic hemodialysis patients. 2280 86

Type 2 diabetes is an emerging health challenge all over the world as a result of urbanization, high prevalence of obesity, sedentary lifestyle and other stress related factors compounded with the genetic prevalence. The health consequences and economic burden of the obesity and related diabetes mellitus epidemic are enormous. Different signaling molecules secreted by adipocytes have been implicated in the development of obesity and associated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Human adiponectin, a 244-amino acid collagen-like protein is solely secreted by adipocytes and acts as a hormone with anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties. Adiponectin secretion, in contrast to secretion of other adipokines, is paradoxically decreased in obesity which may be attributable to inhibition of adiponectin gene transcription. There are several mechanisms through which adiponectin may decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes, including suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and stimulation of insulin secretion. To date, no systematic review has been conducted that evaluate the potential importance of adiponectin metabolism in insulin resistance. In this review attempt has been made to explore the relevance of adiponectin metabolism for the development of diabetes mellitus. This article also identifies this novel target for prospective therapeutic research aiming successful management of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Adiponectin: Probe of the molecular paradigm associating diabetes and obesity. 2568 86


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