Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cardiovascular disease is two to three times more common in diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic population. Although risk factors that affect the general population such as age, cigarette smoking, hypertension, obesity and hypercholesterolaemia also affect diabetic subjects, the increased prevalence of hypertension and obesity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) only partially explains the increased morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). Other factors must therefore be considered in this group of patients. Triglyceride concentrations, particularly post-prandial levels, may be important. Diabetic subjects have increased very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL), increased intermediate-density-lipoprotein (IDL) and low high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations, and differences in lipoprotein composition may partly explain increased atherogenesis. Although LDL levels of diabetic patients are not different from those of control subjects. LDL particles are potentially atherogenic as they are smaller, more dense and prone to oxidative modification. NIDDM subjects also have altered apolipoprotein concentrations, including increased apoB, apoC-III, and decreased apoA-I; in addition, apoE-2 may be over-represented in diabetic populations. Thus, apart from the traditional risk factors, there are several lipoprotein compositional abnormalities that may contribute to the increased prevalence of CHD in diabetes.
...
PMID:The contribution of lipids to coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus. 798 7

The study of women with androgen excess as a biologic experiment in nature may improve our understanding of hormonal determinants of cardiovascular risk. These women, who have androgen and estrogen excess, also have altered apolipoprotein metabolism, which correlates with insulin resistance. They often have android obesity, which appears to aggravate their metabolic alterations. Insulin resistance seems to have more of an influence on altered apolipoprotein metabolism than does endogenous ovarian androgen or estrogen, at least in hirsute women who are obese. It is hypothesized that adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate may modify the effects of insulin resistance, as reflected in androgen and apolipoprotein lipid metabolism. These hormonal interactive influences, which require further investigation, may hold clues to why men and women differ in the time of onset of the multifactorial problem of coronary vascular disease.
...
PMID:Role of endogenous estrogen in the hirsutism paradigm. 804 Aug 43

The influence of apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism on the association between body fatness and concentrations of serum lipoprotein variables was studied in a random subsample (n = 892) of 8- to 17-year-old children from a total community. Covariates (age, race, and sex)-adjusted mean values of percent body fat, ponderal index (wt/ht3), and subscapular skinfold thickness differed significantly among apo E phenotype groups, with the apo E2 group (n = 61) carrying E2/2 and E3/2 phenotypes having significantly (P < .01) lower values than the apo E3 group (n = 480) carrying the E3/3 phenotype. In the apo E3 group, covariates-adjusted partial correlation coefficients showed significant (P < .05 to P < .001) associations between obesity measures and lipoprotein variables studied that are generally seen in populations. However, these associations, with the exception of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apo B, were altered in the other apo E phenotype groups. In the apo E2 group, obesity measures correlated significantly with triglycerides (P < .05 to P < .001), but not with very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and apo A-I. In contrast, in the apo E4 group (n = 212) carrying E4/3 and E4/4 phenotypes, obesity measures correlated significantly with HDL cholesterol (P < .05 to P < .001) and apo A-I (P < .01), but not with triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol. Therefore, the apo E phenotype should be taken into account in the association between body fatness and serum lipoproteins.
...
PMID:Relationship between obesity and serum lipoproteins in children with different apolipoprotein E phenotypes: the Bogalusa Heart Study. 815 6

Peripheral vascular diseases, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, are strong predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality. The commonly used Rose questionnaire, although highly specific, has a low sensitivity to detecting peripheral vascular disease and is not adequate for asymptomatic subjects. Doppler ultrasound measurement of the ankle/brachial systolic blood pressure ratio is a non-invasive, reproducible and accurate method of assessment of peripheral vascular disease and has been validated by angiography. METHODS. Five hundred and ten subjects, corresponding to fifty percent of the people working as civil servants in the Catanzaro city hall, were invited to join the study by a letter. Three hundred and eighty four participated. Exclusion criterion was claudicatio intermittens as detected by Rose questionnaire. All the subjects filled a questionnaire to assess coronary heart disease risk factors and underwent a full clinical examination. Brachial blood pressure was measured on both arms with participants in supine position, just before ECG. The systolic ankle blood pressure was measured with ultrasonic technique. The blood pressure cuff was placed just proximal to the medial malleolus. The ankle-brachial systolic pressure index (Winsor Index) was determined by dividing the highest of the posterior tibial or dorsalis pedis pressures by the highest brachial pressure. A limit of 0.95 was chosen to identify subjects with peripheral arterial disease. Venous blood for serum cholesterol and triglycerides, apolipoprotein AI and B and blood glucose, was collected after an overnight fasting, into Vacutainer Tubes (Becton & Dickinson). RESULTS. No subject had claudicatio intermittens. Sixteen subjects were excluded from the statistical analysis because of missing data. Two hundred and sixty-three were males and 105 females. Twenty-one (5.7%) out of 368 participants had a Winsor Index < 0.95 in at least one leg. These subjects had higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to normal subjects whereas no differences were observed with regard to age, BMI, lipid profile and blood glucose. Furthermore the prevalence of hypertension was higher in the group of subjects with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. The prevalence of other risk factors for atherosclerosis (cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity) was similar in subjects with or without peripheral arterial disease. DISCUSSION. In the present study the prevalence of Winsor Index < 0.95 was 5.7%, similar to that reported by other authors. Hypertension was the only risk factor for atherosclerosis associated with peripheral arterial disease. Other authors also reported a higher prevalence of cigarette smoking among subjects with peripheral disease. In our population this association was not found but the participants were younger and consequently the exposure to this risk factor was shorter. CONCLUSION. The measurement of systolic ankle blood pressure by Doppler ultrasounds is a non-invasive, well accepted, highly specific and sensitive method to detect asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. It might be of value in better defining the cardiovascular risk profile both in epidemiologic studies and clinical practice, especially in subjects with hypertension.
...
PMID:[Asymptomatic arteriopathy of the lower limbs. Prevalence and risk factors in a population of southern Italy]. 833 69

The clinical and biochemical characteristics of type III hyperlipoproteinemia are described in 64 patients (35 males and 29 females). Homozygosity for apolipoprotein E2, the presence of an abnormally cholesterol-rich very low density lipoprotein fraction (beta-VLDL) and an elevated ratio of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol to plasma triglycerides (> 0.3; normal ratio about 0.2) were the basis for the diagnosis. Mean serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations at the first visit in the clinic were 426 +/- 221 and 719 +/- 996 mg/dl, respectively. The mean age at diagnosis of the disorder was 49 years in males and 53 years in females. There was a high prevalence of obesity (72%), xanthomas (42%), and atherosclerosis (39%), especially peripheral vascular disease (31%). Early and correct diagnosis of this familial lipoprotein disorder seems necessary because of the prompt and beneficial response to therapeutic interventions.
...
PMID:Clinical features of type III hyperlipoproteinemia: analysis of 64 patients. 850 5

It has been hypothesized that the role of obesity in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) may be mediated in part through its inverse relationship with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Obesity is inversely correlated with HDL-C, and HDL-C has been shown to be protective against CHD. Defining obesity as excess weight due to excess fat, the purpose of this analysis was to determine whether the effects of obesity are due to increased weight or to increased adiposity. Using baseline lipid and anthropometric data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, cross-sectional associations among body mass, adiposity, HDL-C, and related lipid parameters (apolipoprotein [apo] AI and triglycerides [TGs]) were assessed in 821 white and 763 black 9- and 10-year-old girls, using multivariate linear regression models. Equations predicting HDL-C, apo AI, and TGs from age, race, race, sexual maturation stage, adiposity (sum of truncal--subscapular and suprailiac--skinfolds), and ponderosity (a ratio of weight to height) revealed that adiposity, not ponderosity, was the significant body composition variable to explain the variability of each of the lipids assessed. The amount of variance explained in each of the models was small (R2 <or= .10). When apo AI and TGs were added to the HDL-C model, R2 increased to 0.44 and race differences were no longer significant. These finding suggest that adiposity, not ponderosity, explains the effects of obesity on HDL-C, the effects are mediated through apo AI and TGs, and that black-white differences in HDL-C are a result of apo AI and TG-metabolic differences between the races.
...
PMID:Obesity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in black and white 9- and 10-year-old girls: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. 860 33

To explore whether the so-called insulin resistance syndrome can be identified in adolescents, serum insulin level was measured in 842 healthy Swedish adolescents (462 boys and 380 girls) and the values were related to current serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein values (triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], apolipoprotein [apo] A-I, apo B, and lipoprotein(a)), blood pressure (BP), and anthropometric measurements and previous physical growth. Mean serum insulin values were higher in 14-year-olds as compared with 17-year-olds and were highest in midpuberty. Adolescents with a high serum insulin had a higher attained height and weight during infancy and childhood. Obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m2) was found in 1% of both boys and girls, and hypertensive BP levels were found in 3% of the boys and 1% of the girls. Controlling for age, serum insulin correlated positively with BMI (r = .36 and .25 in boys and girls, respectively), TG (r = .32 and .14), LDL-C (r = .17 and .24), and apoB (r = .23 and .23) and negatively with HDL-C (r = -.13 and -.21). High serum insulin, TG, LDL-C, and BP and low HDL-C clustered in adolescents with high BMI. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that features typical of the insulin resistance syndrome are already present in adolescents.
...
PMID:Insulin resistance syndrome in adolescents. 869 30

The review examines the evidence that the supply of cholesterol available for incorporation into nascent lipoprotein particles exerts a regulatory influence on apolipoprotein (apo) B secretion by the liver. Support for this hypothesis comes both from in vitro experiments and from recent observations in normal subjects and patients with dyslipidemia associated with familial hypercholesterolemia, obesity, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, growth hormone deficiency and cholesteryl ester storage disease. The findings do not negate a role for triglyceride synthesis in determining apoB secretion in very low density lipoprotein, but the inhibitory effects on the latter process of pharmacological blockade of cholesterol synthesis or esterification suggest that it is conditional upon an adequate supply of cholesteryl ester.
...
PMID:Role of cholesterol in regulating apolipoprotein B secretion by the liver. 872 9

Diabetes mellitus has been shown to be associated with lipid abnormalities. Prior studies have indicated that women with diabetes have a risk of coronary heart disease similar to that of men. We compared lipid parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic participants in cycle 3 of the Framingham Offspring Study. Values for plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, lipoprotein, cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) A1, B, apo and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size were analyzed in 174 diabetic and 3,757 nondiabetic subjects. Data from a total of 2,025 men and 2,042 women participating in the third examination (1983 to 1987) of the Framingham Offspring Study were subjected to statistical analysis. Male and female diabetics showed lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, higher triglycerides, higher very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, lower apo A1, and higher LDL particle scores, indicating smaller size, than nondiabetics. Female diabetics also showed significantly higher TC and apo B values than nondiabetics. The results remained statistically significant after controlling for obesity and menopausal status. The presence of small dense LDL particles (pattern B) was highly associated with diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia in both sexes, and the relative odds for pattern B remained significant in women but not in men after adjustment for age and hypertriglyceridemia. No differences in apo E isoform distribution were found for diabetics and nondiabetics. Diabetes was not associated with elevated LDL cholesterol levels. In conclusion, diabetics have lower HDL cholesterol and higher triglyceride levels and are more likely to have small dense LDL particles. Diabetes is not a secondary cause of elevated LDL cholesterol. Lipid screening of diabetics should include full quantification of lipids for proper assessment of potential atherosclerotic risk.
...
PMID:Lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and low-density lipoprotein size among diabetics in the Framingham offspring study. 884 83

An abnormal plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile is an independent and strong predictor of mortality and morbidity from coronary artery disease (CAD). We report on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles with respect to race, age, obesity, blood pressure (BP), smoking, and drinking history in 1,292 male veterans with a diastolic BP of 95 to 109 mm Hg while off antihypertensive medications. Blacks had 24% (p <0.001) lower triglycerides than whites. In contrast, the following parameters were higher in blacks than in whites by the indicated percentages: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, 16% (p <0.001); HDL2 cholesterol, 36% (p <0.001); apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, 8% (p <0.001); HDL/low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 18% (p = 0.018); HDL2/LDL, 36% (p = 0.031); HDL2/HDL3, 21% (p <0.001); and Apo A1/Apo B, 15% (p <0.001). Triglycerides were unchanged up to age 60, but were lower by 24% (p <0.001) in those aged > or = 70. Apo A1 levels were higher (p <0.001), whereas LDL cholesterol was lower (p <0.008) in moderate alcohol consumers versus abstainers. Triglycerides were higher (p <0.001), whereas HDL, HDL2 cholesterol, and Apo A1 were lower (p <0.001) with increasing obesity. Moderate alcohol consumption had a strong favorable effect on HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 cholesterol among subjects of normal weight, but this effect was diminished in obese subjects. Total and LDL cholesterol were higher by 6.4% (p = 0.001) and 9.4% (p <0.003), respectively, whereas HDL cholesterol remained unchanged in those with diastolic BP of 105 to 109 mm Hg versus those with diastolic BP of 95 to 99 mm Hg. We conclude that hypertensive black men have lipid and lipoprotein profiles indicative of less CAD risk than white men. Chronic moderate alcohol consumption correlates with a favorable plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile in normal, but not obese, men. Obesity is associated with an adverse plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile. Thus, race, alcohol intake, and obesity may be important modifiers of CAD in untreated hypertensive men.
...
PMID:Comparison of plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in hypertensive black versus white men. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. 896 May 81


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---