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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A boy referred at the age of 4 years because of obesity and under observation for 16 years, was found to be suffering from a hypothalamic syndrome of unknown origin characterized by progressive obesity, polyphagia, deficiency of growth and thyroid hormone, hyperprolactinemia, hypodipsia, hypernatremia and hyperosmolality without diabetes insipidus. At ages 11 and 16 there were 3 day episodes of spontaneous muscular weakness, hypersomnolence and hypothermia associated with central sleep apnea and severe bradycardia. Subsequently, decreased ventilatory responsiveness to carbon dioxide (CO2) was found as a consequence of blunted neural drive. Therapy with clomipramine HCl (Anafranil Ciba-Geigy) for 6 months led to a normalization of serum sodium levels, pulse rate, ventilatory response to dioxide with no recurrence of the central apnea within 4 following years.
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PMID:Recurrent hypothermia, hypersomnolence, central sleep apnea, hypodipsia, hypernatremia, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia and growth hormone deficiency in a boy--treatment with clomipramine. 346 79

The effects of long-term moderate food restriction were assessed in lean and obese male Zucker rats. A 30% reduction in food intake from 5 to 68 wk of age resulted in parallel lowering of body weight in both lean and obese rats compared to their respective ad libitum-fed control groups. In lean rats, epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pad weights and cell size were lowered by food restriction. In obese rats there was an effect of food restriction on growth of the epididymal pad but not the retroperitoneal pad. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and elevated serum albumin levels, as well as higher activity of lipogenic enzymes, were also not affected by food restriction in the obese rat. In a second experiment, long-term food restriction resulted in greater glucose conversion to CO2 in response to insulin in adipocytes from lean rats but not obese rats compared to their respective control groups. These results indicate that food restriction throughout the first year of life in the obese Zucker rat does not alter the development of hyperplastic obesity and insulin resistance.
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PMID:Effects of long-term moderate food restriction on growth, serum factors, lipogenic enzymes and adipocyte glucose metabolism in lean and obese Zucker rats. 355 7

Gas exchanges were measured at the thermoneutral temperature of 35 degrees C on "fasted" (3 h 30 min) and then "refed" (75 min) fa/fa and Fa/fa rats aged 2 and 7 days. The CO2 production, O2 consumption and respiratory quotient increased significantly after refeeding in all pups. The percentage of increase in the gas exchanges was similar in both genotypes at 2 days. At 7 days, the percentage of increase was significantly higher in Fa/fa than in fa/fa pups. This demonstrated a defect in diet-induced thermogenesis in 7-day old pups. However, since this defect (unlike non-shivering thermogenesis) was absent in 2-day old pups, it is concluded that it is probably not a primary factor but rather a consequence of the obesity already present in fa/fa pups at 7 days of age.
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PMID:[Thermogenesis induced by diet in the 2- and 7-day-old Zucker rat]. 372 71

The influence of obesity on myocardial function and metabolism was studied in obese (fa/fa) and thin (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats using the isolated perfused heart as model. Cardiac performance of obese Zucker rats was not impaired. Instead, left ventricular pressure and contractility were increased as compared to controls. In agreement with these findings, creatine phosphate and the ratios of ATP/ADP and creatine phosphate creatine were elevated. The uptake and the conversion of glucose by hearts of obese Zucker rats were impaired. Insulin stimulated the uptake and oxidation of glucose. However, the responsiveness of these processes to insulin was diminished. Lipolysis of endogenous lipids was accelerated severalfold in obesity. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation by a specific carnitine palmitoyl-transferase inhibitor, phenylalkyloxirane carboxylic acid (POCA), led to a slow rate of lipolysis, and to an acceleration of glucose oxidation and of the basal, noninsulin-dependent uptake of glucose. In the presence of POCA, insulin had, however, no additional stimulatory effect on the glucose uptake by hearts of obese rats. In contrast to hearts of ketotic, acutely diabetic rats where POCA fully restored myocardial responsiveness of glucose uptake and conversion to insulin, in hearts of obese rats only a shift in the glucose pathway from glycolytic formation of lactate and pyruvate to oxidation to CO2 was observed. Thus, POCA can be used as a tool to distinguish different forms of insulin resistance in obesity: 1) a lipid metabolism-dependent defect--presumably an inhibition of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase by metabolites of fatty acid oxidation, influenced by inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferasei, and 2) a lipid metabolism-independent defect in the activation of uptake of glucose and glycogen synthesis by insulin not affected by POCA.
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PMID:Different types of postinsulin receptor defects contribute to insulin resistance in hearts of obese Zucker rats. 373 68

To determine the age at which phenotypic expression of adipose tissue metabolic activities or adipocyte hypertrophy were detectable in a porcine obesity model, adipose tissue samples were obtained from genetically obese and lean pigs at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56-d postpartum (weaning at 28 d). Adipocyte size was determined on osmium-fixed tissue slices using particle counter methods. Rates of glucose metabolism to CO2, total lipids and glyceride-fatty acids, as well as the basal and epinephrine plus theophylline-stimulated lipolytic rates were measured in tissue slices in vitro. Larger adipocytes were discernible in obese than lean pigs at birth and all subsequent postpartal ages. Expressed per cell, adipose tissue from obese pigs had greater glucose metabolism rates in vitro than that from lean pigs at 42 and 56 d; the rates were the same in obese and lean pigs at 28 d. Adipose tissue lipolytic rates in obese compared with lean pigs tended to be greater, were greater and were similar at 28, 42 and 56 d, respectively. These metabolic rates in vitro suggest that the early manifestation of the obesity evident as cell hypertrophy at birth and during early postnatal development is not the result of increased rates of adipose tissue glucose metabolism or decreased rates of adipose tissue lipid degradation.
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PMID:Postnatal expression of adipose tissue metabolic activity associated with a porcine genetic obesity. 375 3

There is a 'futile' cycle of unknown significance operating at a very rapid rate (about 40 percent that of the total central fat droplet's daily turnover rate) in white adipose tissue of normal mice. The futile cycle may be measured and studied because it occurs in a region of the adipose tissue that has poor anatomical contact with the capillaries coupled with a high affinity of the adipocytes, plasma membranes for the FFA in the ECF. The cycle is drastically inhibited in mice bearing the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, a transplantable tumor; the inhibition is associated with a 20-fold increase in the FFA pool size of the epididymal fat pad (measured directly) and a 70 percent reduction in the TGFA pool that is involved in the cycle (estimated indirectly from kinetic measurements). However, the mass of TGFA in the central lipid droplet was being conserved in the tumor-bearing mice during this study. The TGFA pool involved in the cycle represents only about 1 percent of the total adipose tissue TGFA. The relation of this futile cycle to adipose TGFA turnover, plasma FFA turnover and oxidation to CO2, dietary sources of TGFA, and the loss (and preservation) of body fat in cancer-bearing animals was considered in terms of a simple model. Although the significance of the altered futile cycle is unknown, the new approach described here, coupled with other quantitative tracer and non-tracer measurements, may prove useful in understanding factors that lead to obesity or body fat loss.
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PMID:In vivo tracer studies of perturbed fatty acid transport and metabolism in adipose tissue. 406 21

To determine the amount of extra calories a pregnant woman needs to ensure normal growth of her fetus, a study was conducted using 11 normal women who were willing to spend 1 week in the hospital during the last half of pregnancy. The women were given a constant diet of known composition which closely approximated their normal diet at home. Data on fasting weight and fluid balance, nitrogen excretion (from urine samples), 24-hour oxygen consumption and CO2 production were recorded daily. The diet consisted of 80 gm. or more of high-quality protein and supplementary vitamins and iron. 7 women were in positive caloric balance eating 1600 to 2000 Kcal/day; their mean weight gain was 6.8 kg. The other 4, who were obese or who were prone to obesity, were on a lower caloric intake of 1200 to 1600 Kcal/day; despite this, their average gestational weight gain was 10.0 kg. All babies, except for 1 (the mother had placental insufficiency due to low implantation, premature separation, and antepartum hemorrhage; her baby weighed 2.58 kg. at 38 weeks), were born at term with a birthweight of more than 3 kg. The authors concluded that pregnancy hardly imposes any increase in physical activity on the women, and whatever physical effort is exerted is offset by a reduction in physical activity. A pregnant woman requires approximately 600 Kcal. daily for her activities; this amounts to total caloric requirements of 2100, 2200 and 2300 Kcal/day in each of the 3 trimesters. 12 oz. of homogenized milk per day is adequate to meet the extra caloric requirements of a well-nourished woman during her pregnancy. The findings suggest that a normal woman need not overeat to ensure normal growth of her fetus.
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PMID:The caloric cost of pregnancy. 458 Nov 16

Experience gained in performing 3615 laparoscopic sterilizations in India over a 10-year period is reported. A simplified technique was developed for performing sterilization under local anesthesia without neuroleptanalgesia, avoiding uterine manipulators, performing direct trocar insertion without prior pneumoperitoneum, and using air for pneumoperitoneum. Beginning in 1973 laparoscopic sterilizations were performed using monopolar electrocoagulation and Hulka clips. The first 100 cases were done under local anesthesia with neuroleptanalgesia (75 mg meperidine, .6 mg atropine intravenously), using uterine manipulators and creating pneumoperitoneum with a Cerres needle and CO2. In 1974, neuroleptanalgesia was no longer used and air was used instead of CO2 for penumoperitoneum (3515 cases). The patients did not fast but were allowed to have liquids and given a glucose drink just prior to survery. The air was insufflated with a sigmoidoscopy bulb or a fish tank minicompressor. Since 1977 the trocar cannula has been inserted directly, without creating a pneumoperitoneum (1035 cases). Since 1980 the semilithotomy position and uterine manipulators are no longer used. A simple supine position with knees bent at right angles and a 30 degree Trendelenburg position was used in the last 435 cases. Of the 3515 cases performed under local anesthesia without neuroleptanalgesia, only 12 (.34%) needed medication during surgery. 20 patients developed vasovagal attacks and required atropine. None needed general anesthesia. Of the 3515 cases in which air was used for pneumoperitoneum, none developed air embolism. When preperitoneal (8 cases), omental (3 cases), and mediastinal (1 case) emphysema developed, it took 3-4 days to subside because the air was absorbed slowly. Postoperative shoulder pain persisted in 1038 cases (29.5%), but it was more of an annoyance than a complication. Of the 1035 cases of direct trocar insertion, there was no injury to the bowel or a blood vessel. In 14 cases (1.3%) the trocar was found to be extraperitoneal and reinserted for correct placement. Pneumoperitoneum with a Verres or spinal needle was created in 21 technically difficult cases (2%), which included obesity, previous scars, and a bulky postpartum uterus. A uterine manipulator wwas used in 9 technically difficult cases (2.07%).
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PMID:Development of a simplified laparoscopic sterilization technique. 623 98

The relationship between the resting response to CO2 rebreathing and the ventilatory response to CO2 production during exercise was examined in 20 healthy untrained male subjects and in six patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Patients were chosen because of a severely reduced response to CO2 rebreathing. There was no correlation between the CO2 rebreathing response and the exercise ventilatory response in the normal subjects, the patients, or in the group considered as a whole. This lack of correlation could not be accounted for by differences in ventilatory and occlusion pressure responses nor by reporting responses as a function of a change in hydrogen ion concentration. The independence of the CO2 rebreathing response and the exercise ventilatory response suggests the CO2 rebreathing response does not measure the relevant parameters of ventilatory control during exercise.
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PMID:CO2 rebreathing and exercise ventilatory responses in humans. 642 45

30 women, aged between 21 and 52, with 2nd and 3rd grade obesity were investigated. Total lipids, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, tryglicerides and lipoprotein electrophoretic fractions from blood plasma were determined. The subjects were tested at a submaximal exercise intensity of a triangular type on the ergometric bicycle, starting from zero Watt to a progressive increasing load of 10 Watt/min., till the maximal optimal heart rate was reached. The heart rate, blood pressure, CO2 produced and O2 consumption were determined at rest, during exercise at each step, and in the recovery period, predicted the maximum oxygen consumption, evaluated by the Astrand method. The subjective sensation concerning the effort was taken into consideration, based on the modified Borg scale and adaptability to exercise was evaluated, expressed by the "adaptability coefficient" (AC). The index of correlation between the plasma lipid fractions and AC was also determined. Lipidograma showed modifications of 94.44 percent of which 27.77 percent belonged to type IV of H-LP. AC diminished to 50.2 percent as opposed to the ideal values; the maximum oxygen consumption was diminished as well, with an important functional aerobic impairment. There was not found a statistically significant correlation between plasma lipid fractions and AC.
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PMID:Lipidogram structure and the exercise capacity in obesity. 642 82


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