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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Middle-chain fatty acids (MCFA) contain 6-12 carbon atoms and are digested, absorbed and metabolized differently than long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). This work reviews some of the potential and real utilities of MCFA and their role on health. For this reason, they are used in enteral and parenteral nutrition because of their good absorption, and in premature-feeding milk-based formulas in order to improve calcium absorption. MCFA have become particularly important because of their possible role in treating and preventing obesity. Since they are more water soluble, they are taken-up by chylomicrons, and it is believed that they do not directly participate in lipogenesis. They are able to increase the thermogenic effect of foods, and its metabolism increases the production of ketonic agents with the subsequent anorexigenic effect. However, high doses of MCFA are required to obtain significant effects on weight reduction. The effects on lipid-protein metabolism are controversial. So, although they seem to reduce the post-prandial triglyceridemic response, the results their effects are not uniform regarding triglyceridemia and cholesterolemia. In spite of this, more and more products are being designed incorporating MCFA to treat obesity and overweight, having been considered as "GRAS" (Generally Recommended as Safe") components by the ADA. Further long-term studies are needed to warrant the usefulness of consumption of these compounds, particularly in the treatment and prevention of obesity.
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PMID:[Usefulness and controversial issues of middle-chain fatty acids consumption on lipid-protein metabolism and obesity]. 1856 Jun 95

Low-energy diet is highly recommended for obesity treatment. However, after success at the beginning some in some patients weight gain occurs. This study was aimed to evaluate changes in body weight and dietary intake in overweight and obese women during 1 year of a balanced low-energy diet. The study group comprised 70 women, aged 47.3, BMI 37.5 kg/m2. The balanced 1000 kcal diet was recommended. Body weight measurement, body composition assessment by BIA and dietary assessment were performed at entry and every 2 months of the study. Women were divided in 2 groups: I--women with body weight reduction achieved after 6 and 12 months of treatment (n=38), II--women who lost weight in first 6 months and gained weight in the next 6 months (n=32). After 1 year treatment averaged body weight reduction in women was 11.9+/-8.6%. In women from group I body weight decrement was 16.4+/-11.2 kg (15+/-9%), and in women from group II 7.5+/-7.7 kg, (8.1+/-6.7%), respectively. Body fat mass decrease in group I after 6 and 12 months was 7.8+/-6.0 kg and 11.1+/-7.9 kg, in group II 6.4+/-5.3 kg and 5.2+/-5.5 kg, respectively. Women from group II consume more energy, carbohydrates and sucrose in months 6-12 than in first 6 months and more than women in group I (p<0.05). During 1 year in group I calcium intake and Ca/protein index increased statistically significant, and in group II decreased. Changes in energy and nutrients intake do not correlate with achieved results. After 1 year of a low-energy diet statistically significant reduction of body weight and body fat mass were stated. Increase in energy, carbohydrates, sucrose intake and decrease in calcium intake could contribute to weight gain in studied women.
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PMID:[Effect of a low-energy diet on body weight and dietary intake in women after one year treatment]. 1872 45

Obesity is defined as pathologic increase of body fat leading to an increased health risk. Obesity therapy should be initiated if the body mass index is higher than 30 kg/m2 or if consecutive diseases occur. In cases in which a weight reduction of at least 20% is warranted by conservative therapy strategies, only very low calorie diet can achieve it. For practical reasons, a three-month formula diet can achieve the goal best, as shown in clinical trials, provided that the diet is administered within a so-called "basic therapy program" over 6-12 month that changes life-style. The basic therapy program covers apart from the dietetic approach behavior therapy, exercise therapy, and medical care. The initial formula diet represents an initial aid, similar to anti-obesity drugs or the gastric banding, although comparative studies on the three procedures are lacking.
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PMID:[Obesity-- current significance of nutritional therapy]. 1877 76

Childhood obesity has been a growing concern in recent years. The extent of obesity in various ethnic pediatric populations including Chinese Americans has not been fully explored. In this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a Chinese American pediatric population (6-19 years) was determined through a chart review of 4,695 patients from a large community health center in New York City. Demographic characteristics including sex, age and immigrant status were used in a logistic regression to determine risk factors for obesity in this community. Overall, 24.6% of the children studied were overweight or obese (defined as BMI > or = 85th percentile for age and sex). Among US born boys aged 6-12 years, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be as high as 40%. Further studies are needed to understand the complex interplay of factors that contribute to obesity in pediatric immigrant groups.
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PMID:Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese American children in New York City. 1915 23

In Chile, childhood obesity rates are high. The purpose of this article is to compare BMI growth characteristics of normal (N), overweight (OW), and obese (OB) 5-year olds from 0 to 5 years and explore the influence of some prenatal factors on these patterns of growth. The study was done on a retrospective cohort of 1,089 5-year olds with birth weight >2,500 g. Weight and height were obtained from records at nine occasions (0-36 months); at 52 and 60 months, we measured them. At 60 months, children were classified as N, OW, and OB. At each age, BMI and z-score of BMI (BMI Z) differences were compared among groups. The influence of birth weight, pre-pregnancy BMI, and prenatal variables (weight gain, smoking, and presence of diabetes and preeclampsia) on BMI Z differences between N and OB was also explored. Adiposity rebound (AR) was not observed for the N, although for the OW, it occurred approximately 52 months and for the OB at approximately 24 months. BMI Z differences between N and OB were significant from birth, but were greatest between 6-12 and 36-52 months. Additional adjustment by birth weight, pre-pregnancy BMI, and prenatal variables decreased the BMI Z differences for the first 24 months with virtually no effect after this age. Accelerated growth in OB children from post-transition countries occurs immediately after birth, much earlier than the AR. The influence of prenatal factors on adiposity acquisition may extend at most until 2 years of life, although BMI gains thereafter are more related to postnatal variables.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 Aug
PMID:Accelerated growth in early life and obesity in preschool Chilean children. 1926 98

This study investigates the relative contributions of socioeconomic status (SES), behavioral and clinical risk factors on mortality. The Third National Health and Nutrition Survey Linked Mortality File was used to examine the association of SES (race, insurance, education, income), behavioral (smoking, obesity, physical activity), and clinical (elevated blood pressure, triglyceride level, lipid levels, C-reactive protein (CRP)) risk factors with 6-12-year all-cause mortality. Respondents were stratified by known chronic diseases into one of the following categories: no chronic disease, non-cardiovascular chronic disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The overall weighted mortality rate was 9.5% with the highest mortality rate among diabetics. Race, insurance coverage, income, smoking status, inadequate physical activity, elevated blood pressure and elevated CRP were independently associated with mortality in the overall population. When stratified by chronic disease, SES factors remained associated with mortality, most strongly in the healthy population. Current smoking and inadequate physical activity were also associated with mortality across disease groups while clinical risk factors were less consistent. SES factors, health behaviors and clinical risk factors were all associated with mortality even when baseline health status and chronic diseases are taken into account. Efforts to reduce mortality will require a multi-faceted approach incorporating healthy behaviors and accessible health care systems in addition to clinical advances.
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PMID:Impact of socioeconomic, behavioral and clinical risk factors on mortality. 1927 19

Theoretical calculations suggest that small daily reductions in energy intake can cumulatively lead to substantial weight loss, but experimental data to support these calculations are lacking. We conducted a 1-year randomized controlled pilot study of low (10%) or moderate (30%) energy restriction (ER) with diets differing in glycemic load in 38 overweight adults (mean +/- s.d., age 35 +/- 6 years; BMI 27.6 +/- 1.4 kg/m(2)). Food was provided for 6 months and self-selected for 6 additional months. Measurements included body weight, resting metabolic rate (RMR), adherence to the ER prescription assessed using (2)H(2)(18)O, satiety, and eating behavior variables. The 10%ER group consumed significantly less energy (by (2)H(2)(18)O) than prescribed over 12 months (18.1 +/- 9.8%ER, P = 0.04), while the 30%ER group consumed significantly more (23.1 +/- 8.7%ER, P < 0.001). Changes in body weight, satiety, and other variables were not significantly different between groups. However, during self-selected eating (6-12 months) variability in % weight change was significantly greater in the 10%ER group (P < 0.001) and poorer weight outcome on 10%ER was predicted by higher baseline BMI and greater disinhibition (P < 0.0001; adj R(2) = 0.71). Weight loss at 12 months was not significantly different between groups prescribed 10 or 30%ER, supporting the efficacy of low ER recommendations. However, long-term weight change was more variable on 10%ER and weight change in this group was predicted by body size and eating behavior. These preliminary results indicate beneficial effects of low-level ER for some but not all individuals in a weight control program, and suggest testable approaches for optimizing dieting success based on individualizing prescribed level of ER.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 Nov
PMID:Low or moderate dietary energy restriction for long-term weight loss: what works best? 1939 May 25

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of key cardiovascular risk factors in the Middle East region. We conducted a systematic review of the literature through searches in the MEDLINE/PubMed and PARLINE databases between January 1980 and April 2005. Cohort studies published from 1980, in English, which included at least 1000 participants that reported the prevalence of at least one of the following; diabetes mellitus, obesity (body mass index > or =30 kg/m(2)), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking in the Middle East region. Data were abstracted using standardized data abstraction forms. Studies were combined using random-effect models. In total, 51 studies (267 537 participants) were included. On the basis of a random-effect model, the overall prevalence of obesity was 24.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 21.8-27.5; I(2): 99.3%; 24 studies], diabetes mellitus was 10.5% (95% CI: 8.6-12.7%; I(2): 99.4%; 24 studies), hypertension was 21.7% (95% CI: 18.7-24.9; I(2): 99.5%; 24 studies), smoking was 15.6% (95% CI: 12.3-19.6%; I(2): 99.7%; 21 studies). Smoking was more common in men than women, whereas obesity and hypertension were more common in women. The overall prevalence was not calculated because of marked variations in the definition of dyslipidemia among studies. There is a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and smoking in the Middle East. The prevalence of obesity and hypertension was higher in women, whereas prevalence of smoking was higher in men. These data suggest that cardiovascular disease will be a major health problem in the Middle East.
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PMID:Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Middle East: a systematic review. 1939 13

Children's weight/growth development is age-specific and may be influenced by breastfeeding. We therefore assessed velocities of weight, length, body-mass-index and overweight/obesity development from birth up to age 6 years overall and in relation to breastfeeding. The method of this study is based on pooled data of the birth-cohorts GINI-plus and LISA-plus and follows 7,643 healthy full-term neonates in four study-centers in Germany. Up to nine anthropometric measurements are available. Overweight/obesity is percentile-defined according to WHO-Child-Growth-Standards. Fully-breastfed is defined as breastfed for at least 4 months. Piecewise-linear-random-coefficient-models were applied to assess growth trajectories and velocities between 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, 12-24 and beyond 24th months. Velocities for weight-, length- and BMI-development are highest in the first 3 months after birth and diminish, with differing pace, in the periods that follow. For overweight and obesity, peak-velocities are estimated in periods 6-12 and 3-6 months. The difference in the velocity of weight gain for breastfed vs. other children is -18 g/month in the first 3 month, -93 g/month between month 3 and 6, -14 g/month between month 6 and 12 and -3 g/month beyond the 24th month. Velocities in length are not different between breastfed and non-breastfed children. Over time, a slightly lower risk (difference < 2%) of being overweight was estimated for breastfed children, after adjustment for study-center, socio-economic-status and maternal smoking in pregnancy. Infants fully-breastfed gain less weight, but grow equally in length in the first 12 months of life versus mixed or formula-fed children. The protective effect of breastfeeding on becoming overweight is related to its weight-velocity-modifying-effect in early infancy.
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PMID:Period-specific growth, overweight and modification by breastfeeding in the GINI and LISA birth cohorts up to age 6 years. 1952 84

The prevalence of obesity in Thailand has been doubled in the past two decades. Data from three consecutive National Health examination surveys (NHES) have shown a secular trend, as the prevalence of obesity with body mass index > or =25 kg m(-2) in adults increased from 13.0% in men and 23.2% in women in 1991 to 18.6% and 29.5% in 1997 and 22.4% and 34.3% in 2004 respectively. Obesity prevalence in children, using weight for height criteria, increased from 5.8% in 1997 to 7.9% in 2001 for the 2-5-year-olds and from 5.8% to 6.7% for the 6-12-year-olds. The data also show disproportionate increases of obesity in the rural area, which indicates the problem no longer restricts to the higher socioeconomic group.
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PMID:Prevalence of obesity in Thailand. 1988 51


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