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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of overnutrition on lung growth were studied in newborn male Long-Evans rats made obese by nursing in small litters with subsequent feeding of a high fat diet. Control rats were nursed in normal-sized litters and then fed standard rat chow. The animals were killed at 8 wk of age. When compared with control rats, obese rats had significant increases in body weight (24%); fat pad weight (118%); fat pad weight/body weight ratio (77%); snout-to-anus length (11%); total lung weight (11%); lung content of DNA (19%), protein (22%), RNA (22%), total lipids (31%), cholesterol (20%), and triglycerides (141%); and the lung triglyceride/DNA ratio (217%). Serum levels of insulin (71%), total lipids (60%), cholesterol (64%), and triglycerides (90%) were also elevated in obese rats as compared with those in control rats. Unchanged were the ratios of lung protein/DNA, RNA/DNA, lipid/DNA, and cholesterol/DNA; lung phospholipid content; and serum concentrations of glucose and phospholipids. The results indicate the presence of cellular hyperplasia in lungs of young rats made obese by diet. Lipid deposition in the obese lungs suggests metabolic alterations in pulmonary composition occurring with obesity.
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PMID:Obesity-induced hyperplastic lung growth. 382 89

L-Triiodothyronine (T3) binding to hepatic nuclei from (ob/ob) mice at different ages was examined and compared with that of lean controls. Results showed a significant reduction in T3 binding in liver nuclei of obese mice at all ages studied. The preobese mice at 2 weeks of age had 27.9% fewer receptor sites/mg DNA compared to lean controls, receptor concentration further decreased to 67.7% at 18 weeks of age. Data presented here demonstrates that the impaired triiodothyronine (T3) binding to hepatic nuclei present in older (ob/ob) obese mice is an antecedent to the obesity. This report also helps to explain the poor thermoregulation and low oxygen consumption present during the preobese phase of the postnatal development of these animals.
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PMID:Decreased triiodothyronine binding to isolated nuclei from livers of preobese and obese (ob/ob) mice. 396 Aug 60

We have studied thermoregulatory thermogenesis in mice rendered obese by neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and in saline treated controls. At 12 weeks of age MSG-treated mice maintained on a chow diet and housed at 24 degrees C, exhibited hypertrophy of brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared to controls (65% increase in wet weight and lipid content, no difference in DNA content). Acute cold exposure (4 degrees C for two hours) resulted in a significantly greater fall in core temperature in MSG-treated than control mice. After cold exposure to 4 degrees C for six hours, control animals mobilized BAT lipid whereas MSG-treated animals did not. Both groups showed comparable increments in oxygen consumption in response to exogenous norepinephrine. The above changes were qualitatively the same for both male and female animals. The following conclusions were reached: (1) MSG-treated mice have defective cold induced thermogenesis, indirect evidence suggests this results from impaired activation of thermogenic mechanisms in BAT; (2) the defect responsible for this lies extrinsic to BAT; and (3) the quantitative significance of defective thermoregulatory thermogenesis for the development of obesity in these mice is uncertain.
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PMID:Defective thermoregulatory thermogenesis in monosodium glutamate-induced obesity in mice. 401 May 23

Two experiments were performed to determine if bilateral parasagittal hypothalamic knife-cuts (KCs), which produce long-term overeating and obesity, after biochemical indices of brown adipose tissue (BAT) reactivity to thermogenic stimuli. In the first study, responses to environmental cold were tested. Four weeks after surgery, KC rats had gained 4-5 times more weight than controls and were obese (increased Lee Obesity Index and weight of gonadal white fat). Before being sacrificed, groups of KC and control rats were exposed to 4 degrees C for 21 hr or remained at 28 degrees C. Interscapular BAT weighed 300% more in KC rats, due largely to increased white fat content. Functional indices of BAT thermogenic capacity (protein content, DNA content, cytochrome oxidase activity and mitochondrial guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding) were normal at 28 degrees C. Exposure to 4 degrees C produced greatly enhanced responses but these were equivalent for both groups. This suggested an intact capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis in obese KC rats. In the second study, the same BAT responses were examined in other rats fed a palatable "cafeteria" diet (CAFE). One week after surgery, KC and control rats were subdivided into groups that received chow alone or chow plus four different palatable foods daily. Before sacrificing 4-5 weeks later, KC rats had gained 3-4 times more weight than controls and were obese. Interscapular BAT weighed 200-300% more in KC rats. CAFE feeding produced larger increments in all variables for KC vs. control rats. Most importantly, GDP binding was reduced in both KC groups, and significantly more so after CAFE feeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Impaired diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue from rats made obese with parasagittal hypothalamic knife-cuts. 402 98

Weanling male rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions (VMNL rats) and sham-operated controls were killed 1, 2, 4, and 5 weeks postoperatively. The VMNL rats developed normophagic hypothalamic obesity in the presence of normal body weight and reduced linear growth. In both VMNL and control rats, pancreatic weight and protein content increased with time but were lower in the lesioned animals. Pancreatic DNA content was arrested in VMNL rats and remained so during the remainder of the experiment. The only significant enzyme changes (trypsinogen, amylase, and lipase) were evident in higher trypsinogen concentration in VMNL rats during 2 and 4 weeks after lesion production. In view of previous data on both hypophysectomized and VMNL rats and the known role of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in neuroendocrine and neuroautonomic function, it is speculated that the changes observed here are in part due to disruption of neuroendocrine and in part due to disturbance of neuroautonomic control systems.
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PMID:Pancreatic growth and enzyme profiles in weanling rats with normophagic hypothalamic obesity. 608 27

The activity of the enzyme glycerokinase is low in mammalian adipose tissue, but high in certain forms of genetic obesity in rats and mice. This study was undertaken to determine if obese human subjects had higher glycerokinase activity than normal-weight subjects. Seventy-three randomly selected patients undergoing abdominal surgery were studied. Subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue was removed during surgery and the activity of the enzyme glycerokinase was measured in vitro under optimal conditions. The following observations were made: (1) the mean activity, when expressed per microgram DNA, was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in obese subjects at both sites, yet no direct correlation to the degree of obesity was found; (2) the individual activity in morbidly obese patients undergoing gastroplasty correlated inversely with the rate of postoperative weight loss (r = -0.58, P less than 0.05); (3) glycerokinase activity was directly related (r = 0.59, P less than 0.01) to the rate of spontaneous glycerol release, and inversely related (r = -0.51, P less than .025) to the stimulation in glycerol release by norepinephrine; (4) the ratio glycerokinase/lipoprotein lipase in omental adipose tissue correlated with the degree of obesity (r = 0.43, P less than 0.05); (5) in nondiabetic male obese adults, the glycerokinase activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue inversely correlated with age (P = 0.05) and (6) the glycerokinase activity had two apparent Km values in three obese patients, in which it was studied kinetically. It is concluded that a small subsection of the obese population have a high potential for glycerol phosphorylation. In these individuals, weight loss is more difficult since they tend to reutilize the glycerol formed by lipolysis and net glycerokinase activity in their adipose tissue may reflect variations in lipid turnover.
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PMID:Glycerokinase activity in human adipose tissue as related to obesity. 609 31

The development of obesity in porcine fetuses was investigated using a lean and obese strain of pigs at 80, 90, 100 and 110 d of gestation. In absolute terms, fetuses of obese gilts (FO) generally had lower carcass weight and contained less total protein, dry matter and ash than fetuses of lean gilts (FL). In relative terms (percentage of wet carcass weight) FO, compared with FL, generally had decreased percentages of water and increased percentages of protein and lipid. Comparisons based on absolute terms revealed body composition of the strains to be different at 90 d, indicating that factors responsible for obese-type growth were active before that time. Both body composition and hormone concentration differences were most pronounced at later gestation ages. Depressed growth hormone, elevated cortisol, and a tendency toward elevated insulin concentrations in fetal plasma were apparent in late gestation for FO compared with FL. These hormonal patterns are consistent with onset of obesity in FO in late gestation. Greater weights of semitendinosus and longissimus muscles were observed in FL vs FO at 90, 100 and 110 d of gestation (P less than .05). These greater muscle weights were generally accompanied by greater contents of RNA, DNA and protein in FL muscles at these same ages. However, at 80 d, FL had greater absolute DNA content in semitendinosus muscle whereas muscle weight was similar between the strains. This suggests that greater muscle weights for FL than FO were caused by more nuclei in muscle of FL. In general, indices of hypertrophy (protein/DNA) and protein synthetic capacity (RNA/DNA) of muscle were usually similar for both strains at all gestation ages. It is concluded that decreased muscle growth in late gestation of FO compared with FL is more related to fewer total nuclei and perhaps fewer myofibers than to an impaired cellular capacity for protein synthesis.
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PMID:Fetuses of lean and obese swine in late gestation: body composition, plasma hormones and muscle development. 619 43

Obese Zucker rats exhibit marked hyperphagia when compared to lean littermates but deposit a smaller percentage of total dietary energy as body protein. This study was designed to determine the roles of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, protein degradation, RNA, or DNA in producing the lower muscle mass of obese rats. At 44 days, 3 hindlimb muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), the gastrocnemius and the plantaris were significantly smaller in the obese animals. At 72 days, the differences in weights of these muscles were more pronounced. Protein synthesis and degradation were determined in the soleus at 44 days of age using an in vitro whole muscle incubation technique. Protein synthesis rate was significantly decreased in the obese animals. These changes were accompanied by reductions in both RNA and DNA levels. Significant changes in nucleic acid levels were observed in both the red and white portions of the gastrocnemius muscle. These changes in the anabolic process of protein accretion appear to be sufficient to account for the reduced muscle mass in the obese Zucker rat.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle growth in lean and obese Zucker rats. 619 56

In order to assess iodothyronine receptor interactions in man, we have developed a receptor assay for T3 and T4 in solubilized nuclear extracts from circulating mononuclear cells. This assay utilizes the technique of salt solubilization to isolate nuclear receptors and employs standard saturation analysis for T3 and T4 to determine maximal binding capacity (MBC) and equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd). We have determined that 11 normal subjects had a MBC for T3 of 1.20 +/- 0.20 pmol/mg DNA (+/- SE) and a Kd of 3.4 +/- 0.2 X 10(-10) M; the T4 MBC was 8.44 +/- 1.22 pmol/mg DNA and the Kd was 2.7 +/- 0.3 X 10(-10) M. Hypothyroid patients had a mean T3 MBC of 7.32 +/- 2.28 pmol/mg DNA and a mean T4 MBC of 40.04 +/- 21.36 pmol/mg DNA (P less than 0.05 compared to normal). Obese subjects (n = 12) had a basal fed MBC that was 0.66 +/- 0.13 pmol/mg DNA for T3 (P less than 0.05 compared to normal) and was 3.58 +/- 0.56 pmol/mg DNA for T4 (P less than 0.01 compared to normal). During fasting, the average T3 MBC increased to 1.43 +/- 0.31 pmol/mg DNA and the average T4 MBC increased to 9.63 +/- 2.46 pmol/mg DNA, values that are both significantly higher than those in the fed period; the dissociation constants were unaltered in obese subjects (compared to normals) in fed and fasting states. Gel filtration with 0.5 M agarose was employed to ascertain if the physicochemical properties of the solubilized mononuclear human cell receptor were similar to those previously observed in rat and human liver and kidney receptors. The elution profile obtained was similar to that reported earlier. The major binding activity has an estimated Stokes radius of 35 A and a molecular weight ratio of approximately 50,000 daltons. These studies indicate that: 1) high affinity T3 and T4 receptors exist in human mononuclear cells and have properties similar to those for T3 and T4 described previously in rat liver; 2) T3 and T4 receptor number tends to increase in hypothyroid subjects and tend to be lower in obese patients than in normal weight control subjects; 3) fasting is associated with an increase in both T3 and T4 MBC; and 4) despite their apparent physicochemical similarity, T3 receptors in rat liver and human mononuclear cells may be regulated differently, at least during fasting since hepatic T3 receptors decrease in the fasted rat. Collectively, these observations support the concept that human white cell T3 nuclear receptor binding is capable of rapid fluctuations, suggesting a mechanism for homeostatic regulation of T3 action.
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PMID:Solubilized nuclear thyroid hormone receptors in circulating human mononuclear cells. 624 59

Young genetically obese (fatty, fa/fa) rats (7-8 wk old) maintained on a chow diet at 28 degrees C have a relatively normal amount of brown adipose tissue (BAT) (normal protein content, normal noradrenaline content, normal or slightly reduced cytochrome oxidase content, 30% reduction in DNA content) with cells grossly hypertrophied by accumulation of lipid. The binding of purine nucleotides by BAT mitochondria is lower in fa/fa rats than in lean rats, suggesting a lesser thermogenic activation of this tissue. Acute exposure to cold (24 h at 4 degrees C) activates BAT thermogenesis (visible hyperemia, marked increase in mitochondrial binding of purine nucleotides, depletion of noradrenaline content) in fa/fa rats as in lean rats. In contrast, feeding a cafeteria diet to young fa/fa rats fails to activate BAT (no increase in mitochondrial binding of purine nucleotides) as it does in lean rats, and these rats accumulate more extra fat (increase in weight of gonadal white adipose tissue) than do cafeteria diet-fed lean rats. It is concluded that the young fa/fa rat has normal cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis in BAT but defective diet-induced thermogenesis in BAT and that the consequent reduction in energy expenditure, coupled with hyperphagia, contributes to the development of its obesity. The most probable location for the defect is suggested to be associated with the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Brown adipose tissue in genetically obese (fa/fa) rats: response to cold and diet. 629 7


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