Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With the combination of a noninvasive saturation measurement and plethysmography, pulse oximetry has become an important monitoring method for peripheral perfusion and oxygen supply. Indications for pulse oximetry is practically every anaesthesia especially in geriatric patients and patients with one-lung-anaesthesia, obesity, asthma and emphysema. Pulse oximetry has proved its worth in the transport of emergency patients. Sources of error are a bad perfusion at the site of measurement (hypotension, hypothermia), dyshaemoglobinaemia (Met-carboxy-haemoglobin) and interference of colours (dark skin, intravenous colours, high light intensity). Accuracy of response of most currently available pulse oximeters lies between 2-3% (SD) with oxygen saturations between 80-100%. Deviations increase at lower oxygen saturations. Pulse oximetry will soon be regarded as minimal monitoring standard worldwide together with the ECG, blood pressure, pulse and respiratory monitoring.
 ...
PMID:[The importance of pulse oximetry for anesthesia]. 204 38

Obesity impairs performance in most athletic events, but the influence of increased body fat on cardiopulmonary function has not been clearly delineated. An understanding of the fatness-fitness relationship is important in the optimal design of exercise programs for obese subjects. In this study, 27 adolescent females with body fat levels ranging from normal to gross obesity were evaluated to determine the impact of adiposity on physiologic factors during maximal and submaximal treadmill walking. Increased skinfold measures correlated significantly with absolute maximal oxygen uptake throughout the range of body fat levels (r = .72), and oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight and treadmill endurance time both declined as fatness increased (r = -.49 and -.42, respectively). Obesity did not affect submaximal walking economy. These findings indicate that increased fat levels are associated with increased cardiopulmonary exercise capacity, but that functional fitness declines because of the inert load created by excess body fat. Therefore, therapeutic exercise programs for obese adolescents are best designed to increase caloric expenditure and decrease body fat rather than to improve aerobic fitness.
 ...
PMID:Effects of obesity on aerobic fitness in adolescent females. 205 7

A study was made of psychological personality traits and their relationship with hormonal-lipid interrelations in patients with different types of obesity. The MMPI methods, modified by F. B. Berezin, were employed. A group of 80 patients was investigated. A significant rise of the level of the 7th and 8th MMPI scales was revealed in patients with hypothalamic obesity (HO) as compared to patients with alimentary constitutional obesity (ACO). This rise could be accounted for by hypercorticism in HO patients and the adaptogenic effect of cortisol. It was also confirmed by the presence of a feedback between cortisol levels and MMPI scales 1, 2, 6. Negative interrelationships between value 0 of the MMPI test scale and the level of basal oxygen metabolism were indicative of the significance of redox processes in social adaptation. ACO women were shown to have a high level of adaptation to stress agents as compared to ACO men. In menopausal ACO women a rise of scales 7 and 8 was observed, a rise of scales 2 and 7--in HO, indicating adaptation failure and proving the adaptation role of estrogens in responses of the body to stress.
 ...
PMID:[The correlation of the psychological and hormonal status in obese patients]. 208 63

To investigate the influence of nocturnal oxygen desaturation on the circadian rhythm of testosterone secretion, polysomnography was performed on 2 consecutive nights in 24 male subjects who complained of loud snoring and/or obesity. During the first night, we collected blood samples every 4 h via a catheter and measured serum testosterone. We arbitrarily defined severe oxygen desaturation as that exceeding the baseline SaO2 by 4% during 80 min of total sleep time. The subjects were divided into 2 groups from the data of the second night; one was the severe desaturation group as mentioned above, and those who suffered less desaturation were classified as the free to mild oxygen desaturation group. We found that in the latter group peak testosterone levels appeared at 6 a.m. On the other hand, the severe desaturation group exhibited delayed peak testosterone levels, i.e. at 10 a.m. We calculated the ratio of the testosterone level at 10 a.m. to that at 6 a.m., and found a significant correlation between this ratio and total desaturation time (r = 0.446, p less than 0.05). These data suggest that severe oxygen desaturation may alter the circadian rhythm of testosterone secretion.
 ...
PMID:Influence of nocturnal oxygen desaturation on circadian rhythm of testosterone secretion. 209 69

To test the hypothesis that obese children are unfit (i.e., have abnormal responses to exercise testing consistent with reduced levels of habitual physical activity), we used new analytic strategies in studies of 18 obese children performing cycle ergometry. The subject's weight (mean +/- SD) was 168 +/- 24% that predicted by height, and the age range was 9 to 17 years. Size-independent measures of exercise (e.g., the ratio of oxygen uptake (VO2) to work rate during progressive exercise and the temporal response of VO2, carbon dioxide output (VCO2), and minute ventilation (VE) at the onset of exercise) were used. The ability to perform external mechanical work was corrected for VO2 at unloaded pedaling (change in maximum oxygen uptake (delta VO2max) and in anaerobic threshold (delta AT). On average, obese children's responses were in the normal range: delta VO2max, 104 +/- 41% (+/- SD) predicted (by age); delta AT, 85 +/- 51%; ratio of change in VE to change in VCO2, 111 +/- 21% and ratio of change in VO2 to change in work rate, 100 +/- 24%, but six of the obese children had values of delta VO2max or delta AT that were more than 2 SD below normal. In addition, obese children did not have increased delta VO2max or delta AT with age as observed in nonobese children. Although the response time of VO2 was normal (99 +/- 32% of predicted), those for both VCO2 and VE were prolonged. We conclude that the finding of obesity in a child is not a reliable indicator of poor fitness but that testing cardiorespiratory responses to exercise can be used to identify subjects with serious impairment and to individualize therapy.
 ...
PMID:Are obese children truly unfit? Minimizing the confounding effect of body size on the exercise response. 210 86

Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) denotes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in response to food ingestion. The purpose of the present study was to examine the possible influence of age, training state and sympatho-adrenal activity on the early phase of DIT in healthy individuals and further to study whether the magnitude of DIT is reduced in human obesity and, if so, to what extent DIT is influenced by weight reduction induced by surgical treatment, i.e. gastric banding or vertical banded gastroplasty. In addition, the effect of an artificial abdominal insulation on the DIT reaction was examined in healthy subjects in order to find out if the spontaneously enhanced thermal insulation of the body in obese individuals may be accompanied by a reduced DIT. The subjects were studied in the basal state and during 2-3 hours after a mixed meal. The energy expenditure was determined by indirect calorimetry. Blood temperature and blood flow in the hepatic vein were measured and splanchnic oxygen uptake and blood-drained heat from the splanchnic region were calculated. The meal was in liquid form, consisting of 17% kJ protein, 28% kJ lipids and 55% kJ carbohydrates, corresponding to either 60% of the individually measured 24-h resting energy expenditure or to 40% of the individually predicted basal metabolic rate. DIT was expressed as the average increase in energy expenditure above the basal level (means +/- SEM). After a 60% meal it was less (21 +/- 3%, P less than 0.01) in 8 elderly (70 +/- 1 years) and 7 middle-aged (51 +/- 3 yrs) individuals (24 +/- 2%, P less than 0.05) than in 10 young (27 +/- 1 yrs) men (29 +/- 2%). Its magnitude was similar (n.s.) in 7 well-trained men with a higher (58 +/- 2 ml/min/kg BW) maximal oxygen uptake (25 +/- 2%) and 7 sedentary individuals with a lower (39 +/- 2 ml/min/kg BW) aerobic capacity (29 +/- 2%). An intravenous pharmacological inhibition of the beta-adrenergic receptor function failed to influence the DIT in 10 men, irrespective of whether the beta-blockade was instituted by a selective-beta-1 antagonist (atenolol) or a non-selective blocker (propranolol). The DIT was 29 +/- 1% with and 29 +/- 2% (n.s.) without a beta-blockade and it was 29% in 2 subjects after 1 week of oral propranolol medication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Diet-induced thermogenesis. An experimental study in healthy and obese individuals. 217 97

Energy expenditure varies among people, independent of body size and composition, and persons with a "low" metabolic rate seem to be at higher risk of gaining weight. To assess the importance of skeletal muscle metabolism as a determinant of metabolic rate, 24-h energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) were measured by indirect calorimetry in 14 subjects (7 males, 7 females; 30 +/- 6 yr [mean +/- SD]; 79.1 +/- 17.3 kg; 22 +/- 7% body fat), and compared to forearm oxygen uptake. Values of energy expenditure were adjusted for individual differences in fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and sex. Adjusted BMR and SMR, expressed as deviations from predicted values, correlated with forearm resting oxygen uptake (ml O2/liter forearm) (r = 0.72, P less than 0.005 and r = 0.53, P = 0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that differences in resting muscle metabolism account for part of the variance in metabolic rate among individuals and may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity.
 ...
PMID:Skeletal muscle metabolism is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure. 224 22

The contribution of somatomotor activity to daily energy expenditure was estimated in 10-month-old, weight-stable, obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/?) Zucker rats. Total and resting heat production were assessed by recording oxygen consumption and stabilimeter activity each minute for five consecutive days in free-feeding animals. The number of activity counts, as well as their circadian pattern of occurrence, were highly similar in lean and obese groups. Likewise, the percentage of daily energy expenditure committed by the obese rats to activity was nearly identical to that of leans (19.3 vs. 19.7%, respectively). Observing these rats for one additional day under postabsorptive conditions produced similar estimates of their daily expenditure on activity. Thus, unlike prior estimates based on wheel-running behavior, continuous measurement of stabilimeter behavior indicates that both the proportion of daily expenditure on activity by fa/fa rats and its temporal pattern of occurrence are notably normal. Accordingly, it is concluded that maintenance of obesity in weight-stable adult obese Zucker rats does not depend upon a reduced expenditure on activity.
 ...
PMID:Contribution of spontaneous activity to daily energy expenditure of adult obese and lean Zucker rats. 225 40

The nighttime blood oxygen saturation of 35 abstaining chronic alcoholic men was studied. Regression analyses indicated that various measures of alcohol abuse history (r = -.61, p less than .001) account for significant variance in nighttime hypoxemia. Age (r = -.39, p less than .05) and smoking history (r = .45, p less than .01) were less powerful predictors and both obesity and days abstinent from alcohol failed to correlate with hypoxemia. Possible mechanisms to explain the relationship between alcohol abuse history and hypoxemia are discussed. This and previously reported findings indicate that chronic alcohol abuse may predispose an individual to nighttime hypoxemia and be a risk factor for sleep apnea.
 ...
PMID:Relationship of alcohol abuse history to nighttime hypoxemia in abstaining chronic alcoholic men. 229 46

Risk factors for coronary heart disease were compared in fifth year boys (15-16 years old) from two schools that were chosen from localities with a fourfold difference in adult mortality from coronary heart disease. One school was in an underprivileged urban locality in the area of increased incidence of heart disease ('high risk') and the other in a semi-rural affluent locality with an incidence of heart disease similar to the national average ('low risk'). Smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity, physical fitness, and inactivity were evaluated as risk factors for coronary heart disease. Smoking, increased body fat, poor diet, and physical inactivity were found increased among pupils from the school in the high risk area compared with those in the low risk area. Lipids, maximum oxygen uptake, and hypertension were similar in both schools. The risk of coronary heart disease seems to reflect the adult mortality rates in the area. To reduce the overall incidence of coronary heart disease, health education should be directed towards prevention of smoking, improving diets, and increasing amounts of activity among school children, with special attention directed toward children in regions where there is a high mortality from coronary heart disease among adults.
 ...
PMID:Association between risk factors for coronary heart disease in schoolboys and adult mortality rates in the same localities. 230 87


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>