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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epididymal adipose tissue composition and adipocyte water content were studied in male rats during growth and development of spontaneous obesity. The data show that a highly significant positive correlation exists between fat-cell volume and intracellular water space (IWS) (r=.967, P less than .001). Intracellular water, expressed as picoliters per fat cell, varied from 1.5-2 in small fat cells (mean vol, 30-50 pl) to 9-10 in large cells (800-1,000 pl). When expressed as percent of fat-cell volume, IWS varied from 5-7% in the small fat cells to 1-1.3% in the large ones. Total adipose tissue water continued to increase with increasing adipose mass. Similarly, total adipocyte water increased with enlarging cell size and tissue mass. The contribution of total adipocyte water (as contrasted to that of nonadipocyte water) to total tissue water, however, was found to be limited (less than 23%) and to decline progressively with adipose mass expansion.
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PMID:Water content of rat adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes in relation to cell size. 99 3

Food and water intake have been measured during the dynamic phase of gold thioglucose-induced obesity in Charles River mice. Regressions of gain in weight with food and water consumption were calculated in young growing animals and in adults fed ad libitum. The influence of fat content in the diet (2.5 and 8% fat) and environmental temperature (68degrees or 79degrees F) was estimated on the regressions. Excessive gain in weight without hyperphagia was observed in growing animals, in adults fed on a fat-enriched diet or maintained within a thermoneutral environment (79degrees F). But a significant hyperphagia was observed in adults fed with a conventional diet and maintained at 68degrees F or in growing animals as a sequela of food deprivation.
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PMID:Food and water intake in gold thioglucose-induced obese Charles River mice. 109 93

Obesities induced in mice by a single injection of gold thioglucose or by a change to a fat-enriched diet(containing 8% fat) were studied in young and adult mice of Charles River strain. These two forms of obesity were compared and contrasted with normal animals maintained on 2.5% fat diet for life. The comparison was based on individual growth, age-realted fat, water and defatted dry weight of carcasses and their distribution of weights within larger populations. Young animals on diets containing 8% fat showed an elevated accumulation of fat but not of water. Individual variations lead to an abnormally distributed population where in some animals the excess in weight was characterized by an excessive fat and lean body mass and in others by an excess fat only. Some animals showed no excessive weight when compared to animals maintained on 2.5% fat. The rapid gain in weight which followed a successful injection with gold thioglucose showed a normal distrubution and was correlated with an accumulation of fat in young and adult animals. A significant retention of water was observed only in adults. The relative merits of these obesities as models for human regulatory obesities are briefly discussed.
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PMID:Hypothalamic and nutritional obesities in mice. A comparative study of growth and body composition. 110 39

1. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered by various methods to mice and rats of various ages and the incidence of obesity was later measured. 2. Newborn mice were injected subcutaneously with 3 mg MSG/g body-weight at 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 d of age; 16% died before weaning. Of the survivors, 90% or more became markedly obese. Mean carcass lipid content was increased by about 120% in both sexes at 20-30 weeks old. In male mice, MSG treatment increased body-weight and epididymal fat pad weight, and greatly decreased adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells. Body-eright of females was not increased significantly. Food intake was not increased in either sex from weeks 13 to 15. Blood glucose level was not generally increased by MSG but some of the male mice had abnormally high values. 3. Obesity was not detected in the offspring of female mice that had received 100 g MSG/kg diet, either from 3 weeks before mating until weaning, or from the 14th day of pregnancy until weaning. 4. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg MSG/g body-weight (in two doses) at weaning increased carcass lipid content in female mice by 34% by 23 weeks of age, but female rats were not affected. 5. The addition of 20 g MSG/l to the drinking-water from weaning onwards did not increase carcass lipid content in female rats or mice. 6. The addition of 20 g MSG/kg diet from weaning onwards did not alter body-weight or carcass lipid content in male and female rats by 14 weeks of age. 7. The obesity induced in mice by MSG was not associated with hyperphagia, unlike genetic obesity and obesity induced by gold thioglucose (GTG). 8. All types of mouse studied, obese and lean, had essentially the same linear relationship between carcass water content and carcass lipid content. 9. Although MSG-obese mice could not readily be differentiated from normal mice by the increase in body-weight, which was only about 10% compared to 50-120% for genetic and GTG-induced obesity, the proposed schedule of injections in the newborn was almost 100% reliable in inducing a high extent of adiposity.
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PMID:The induction of obesity in rodents by means of monosodium glutamate. 110 64

The fat cells of rat epididymal adipose tissue contain an average of 0.5 mg of cholesterol per gram of triglyceride. Of this cholesterol, 90% is nonesterified and 80% is located in the lipid storage compartment. The fat cell cholesterol content correlated positively with cell size. During fasting the free cholesterol of the adipocyte decreased in parallel with triglyceride, whereas the amount of esterified cholesterol did not change. The fat cell cholesterol content is independent of the amount of dietary cholesterol. On in vitro incubation of rat fat cells with radiolabeled acetate, mevalonate, glucose, leucine, or water, labeled cholesterol was synthesized. The rate of cholesterol synthesis increased with fat cell size. Fasting suppressed cholesterol synthesis by 90%, whereas refeeding stimulated the synthesis above values found in normally fed rats. Stimulation of lipolysis with theophylline or with dibutyryl cyclic AMP markedly inhibited cholesterol synthesis in fat cells. Insulin increased the incorporation of glucose and leucine into fat cell cholesterol. The cholesterol synthesis in fat cells was not suppressed by a high cholesterol diet. Addition of very low or low density lipoprotein into the incubation medium suppressed fat cell cholesterol synthesis whereas high density lipoprotein did not. The lipoprotein-free serum stimulated cholesterol synthesis compared with serum-free medium. The rate of cholesterol synthesis in total adipose tissue of rat was estimated to be 4% of that in the liver. It seems unlikely that the increased body cholesterol turnover present in obesity is accounted for by the enhanced cholesterol formation in the enlarged adipose tissue.
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PMID:Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and storage in fat cells. 112 58

Figures for height and weight and derived values for total body water and fat were assembled for groups of girls with a variety of disorders to examine their conformity to the hypothesis of Frisch and Revelle that menarche occurs at a "critical" weight associated with a decline in metabolic rate and achievement of a characteristic body composition. The groups examined included girls with unusually tall stature, central idiopathic precocity, precocity associated with hypothyroidism, girls with hypothyroidism but lacking signs of sexual maturation, one group with gonadal dysgenesis, and another of girls with obesity. Girls with tall stature significantly exceeded the "critical" weight of 47.8 kg before achieving menarche but had onset of menses in accordance with the body composition hypothesis. The body composition of girls with idiopathic sex precocity was altered toward that at menarche of normals although the patients were much smaller and younger. The same trend was exaggerated in girls in whom precocity was associated with hypothyroidism; equally hypothyroid girls showing no signs of adolescent development had body compositions similar to those of age-matched controls. Girls with gonadal dysgenesis showed an alteration in body composition paralleling that of normals between the ages when the latter begin the pubertal growth spurt and achieve menarche. Girls under 8 years of age with simple obesity had an even greater percentage of body fat than normal menarchal girls but showed no signs of puberty. It is concluded that menarche is not necessarily triggered by achievement of a critical body weight or lowering of metabolism. Neither are the rising levels of estrogen in adolescence solely responsible for the characteristic increase in body fat. Only the data on girls with obesity failed to accord with the generalization that, when the ovaries are competent, menarche is highly correlated with achievement of a characteristic body composition. The observations, particularly in gonadal dysgenesis, suggest the pituitary gonadotropins may play a role in determining body composition in menarche.
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PMID:Body composition at menarche: The Frisch-Revelle hypothesis revisited. 116 2

This study examines the effects of cue salience and palatability (water temperature) on the water drinking of obese and normal subjects. Obese subjects drink more than do normal subjects when the water cue is prominent but do not do so when this cue is remote. Palatability does not differentially affect the drinking behavior of obese and normal subjects. These results support the extension to nonfood stimuli of the hypothesis of the hyperreactivity of the obese to prominent cues.
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PMID:Effects of cue prominence and palatability on the drinking behavior of obese and normal humans. 121 13

The effects of low-mineral content water (Adelholzener Primus-Quelle) in 62 patients were studied of which 14 were hypertonic. Changes of blood sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were not observed in either group. In the hypertonic patients, blood pressure decreased from a mean systolic value of 168 to 140 mmHg and mean distolic pressure from 105 to 88 mmHg. Observations to date suggest the following indications for a low-mineral content water diet: 1. hypertension, 2. renal insufficiency in stages of compensated and decompensated retention, especially in cases with high serum potassium levels, 3. in the initial therapy of diabetes, gout and obesity; patients with a high water demand should be treated with low-mineral content water until the optimal intake of electrolytes is established.
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PMID:[Effects of water with a low mineral content on serum electrolytes and blood pressure]. 122 36

In order to investigate the role of the pituitary in yellow obesity, genetically obese yellow mice (Aya) and normal nonyellow siblings (aa) were either shamoperated or hypophysectomized by a paraphyarngeal method at 45--50 days of age. The operated animals were weighed for 13 wk and their carcasses subsequently were analyzed for fat, water, and lean body mass content. Completeness of hypophysectomy was assessed by microscopic examination of stained serial sections of the brain and attached hypophyseal capsule. Completely hypophysectomized Aya mice still gained more weight than hypophysectomized nonyellow siblings and showed the excessive accumulation of fat characteristic of the yellow obesity. We conclude that the pituitary and the endocrine pathways it controls are not primarily involved in the expression of yellow obesity.
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PMID:Effect of hypophysectomy on weight gain and body composition in the genetically obese yellow (Ay/a) mouse. 126 47

Lean body mass and body fat mass were estimated in 12 patients with Cushing's disease before treatment, in 5 of these after correction of the adrenal hyperfunction, and in 23 patients with simple obesity. The methods used, whole-body counting of 40K and tritiated water dilution, may in Cushing's disease over- and underestimate, respectively, the body fat mass and may therefore be considered to give upper and lower limits of that entity. By a comparison with the results in simple obesity, we conclude that the total body fat mass generally is increased in patients with Cushing's disease.
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PMID:Body composition in Cushing's disease. 127 May 77


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