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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The study of fluid and electrolyte disturbances by isotope radiodilution method is carried out in 22 patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency and cardiac failure. The simultaneous measurements of hydro-ionic compartments have been carried out with tritiated water (HTO), labelled sodium (22Na), labelled potassium (42K) and labelled bromine (82Br). From these measurements, the various water spaces are calculated: total water (ET) and extracellular fluids (LEC), also exchangeable electrolytes: sodium (NaE), potassium (KE), chlorine (ClE) and derived values. Results are compared to corresponding values in controls with the same obesity index. Patients with respiratory insufficiency show a fluid and sodium rise, similar to that found in cardiac failure and denutrition. The (NaE + KE)/ET ratio is not significantly decreased and the natremia is only slightly lower. There is no real potassium depletion in most patients.
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PMID:[Isotopic study of fluid and electrolyte disturbances in decompensated chronic respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)]. 0 42

Short chain fatty acid absorption from the human rectum has been studied in 46 subjects attending an obesity clinic, using a dialysis bag technique. From a mixed electrolyte solution, acetate concentrations fell from 97.0 to 64.2 mmol/l, and sodium from 97.8 to 85.1 mmol/l with respective net absorption rates of 8.1 and 5.2 mumol/cm2/h. From a solution with mixed short chain fatty acids acetate concentration fell from 62.3 to 37.6 mmol/l, propionate from 20.2 to 11.5 mmol/l, and butyrate from 25.7 to 17.3 mmol/l with absorption rates of 5.2, 1.8, and 1.9 mumol/cm2/h. Lowering pH from 7.2 to 5.5, to test the possibility that absorption occurred by passive non-ionic diffusion, had no effect on absorption rates, although pH rose rapidly in the dialysis fluid. These results are comparable with rates of acetate absorption from the animal large intestine. The hypothesis that short chain fatty acids are not absorbed from the large gut and therefore contribute to faecal bulk by retaining water in the bowel lumen may need revision.
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PMID:Short chain fatty acid absorption by the human large intestine. 3 Jun 83

The present study attempted to replicate and extend two recent studies that implicated aberrant brain 5-HT neurotransmission in the etiology of overeating and BW grain. Adult female rats received 25 mg/kg of desipramine hydrochloride 30--45 min prior to an intracisternal injection of 200 microgram (free base) of 5,7-DHT creatinine sulfate or its 1% ascorbic acid aqueous vehicle. After 7 weeks of measuring food intake, water intake, and BW change, rats from both groups received radiofrequency lesions of the MH or sham surgery. After 5 additional weeks of intake and BW measurements, all rats were tested for 24-hr acceptance of varying sucrose and quinine solutions and for 25-day acceptance of a high-fat replacement diet. While 5,7-DHT depleted brain 5-HT by 45%, it did not induce overeating and BW gain alone nor did it modify the overeating, obesity, or "finickiness" produced by hypothalamic injury. Several factors that relate to specificity, sufficiency, and compatibility with other 5-HT depletory techniques were discussed, as were factors of similarity and dissimilarity between this and the previous experiments that we attempted to replicate.
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PMID:Effects of central 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on the medical hypothalamic syndrome in rats. 28 Feb 59

The aim of this study was to discover which of three major abnormalities of the genetically obese Zucker rat (fa/fa), namely hyperphagia, excess adiposity, and hyperlipidemia, is the first to appear prior to manifest obesity, i.e., before weaning. Suckling fa/fa rats, bred from heterozygous parents, were detected by sizing fat cells obtained from an inguinal fat pad biopsy. Cell hypertrophy was observed in fa/fa rats, compared to Fa/-littermates of the same sex, as soon as 5-7 days after birth. Prediction of fa/fa genotype at this age by this method was assessed using a series of 80 pups and proved to be totally successful. The identity of the "predicted" obese pups was confirmed morphologically at 6 weeks of age. Food (milk) intake was estimated from water turnover rates determined on 86 pups aged 2-8 days using tritiated water. The results show that 7-day-old fa/fa rats had heavier inguinal fat pads with larger adipocytes and higher lipoprotein lipase activity than their lean controls. There was no genotype effect on water intake adjusted to body weight during the first week of life. Moreover weight of stomach contents and triglyceridemia were similar in all animals at 7 days. These results show that excess adiposity develops in the fa/fa rat during the first week of life, before hypertriglyceridemia and hyperphagia, and raises the question of whether this adiposity results from a defect in energy expenditure or an abnormality of fat cell storage capacity, or both.
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PMID:Onset of genetic obesity in the absence of hyperphagia during the first week of life in the Zucker rat (fa/fa). 29 Jul 21

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were measured in the plasma of grossly obese subjects to determine if abnormalities in salt and water homeostasis could be related to these hormones. Acute oral water loads and hypertonic saline infusions were administered during baseline obesity, after prolonged fasting, and after hypocaloric refeeding. Only 64.7%, 46.1%, and 70.1% of a water load was excreted during the respective three stages. Pre-water load plasma AVP levels were normal, but after the water load the obese failed to suppress AVP secretion in a normal fashion; this defect was corrected after fasting and with refeeding. Salt loading resulted in appropriate osmolality and AVP responses. Serum prolactin levels, normal at baseline during all phases, rose slightly after water loading during fasting. Hypertonic.saline produced no changes in prolactin levels in the obese or in the normal controls. In the disordered salt and water metabolism of the obese, persistently high AVP values during water loading appeared to be a factor in the delay of water excretion. In the observed water retentionduring dietary restriction and refeeding, secretion of AVP and PRL did not appear to have a major regulatory function.
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PMID:The role of vasopressin and prolactin in abnormal salt and water metabolism of obese patients before and after fasting and during refeeding. 31 25

The effect of a new complex oligosaccharide exhibiting potent inhibitory action on alpha-glucoside hydrolases on intestinal absorption of sucrose in man was tested by constant in vivo perfusion of the jejunum. At concentrations of 4.65 or 15.5 X 10(-6)M the alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-GHI) markedly inhibited absorption of glucose from sucrose and absorption of sodium and water. Oral administration of the alpha-GHI resulted as well in depression of solute, sodium, and water absorption. This new compound can serve as an interesting tool to induce carbohydrate malabsorption by inhibition of final digestion and may possibly be of beneficial therapeutic effect in dietary control of diabetes or obesity.
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PMID:Effect of alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibition and intestinal absorption of sucrose, water, and sodium in man. 38 40

Obesity was studied in a colony of 873 Macaca nemestrina to establish tools for epidemiologic studies, to examine a genetic form of obesity, to document age/sex relationships to obesity, and to compare metabolic profiles of obese and normal monkeys. Age/weight growth curves were analyzed to select the most obese monkeys and age- and sex-matched normal controls. Degree of adiposity was determined using tritiated water for estimation of lean body mass. Body weight, anterior trunk height, and abdominal and triceps skinfolds were measured. Fasting insulin, fasting free fatty acids, and glucose disappearance rate were determined. The results give evidence of similarities between macaque and human obestiy.
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PMID:Assessment of obesity in pigtailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). 41 Sep 39

The pathogenesis of the rare hypernatremia, usually described in the literature as "neurogenic" or "essential" hypernatremia, consists of defective thirst mechanism either alone or in combination with impaired osmoregulation of ADH release. As etiology, disturbances of the neoplastic, vascular and degenerative type and malformations in the hypothalamic area are known. In patients with the hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome, dysfunction of the anterior pituitary lobe, obesity, abnormal regulation of body temperature, psychomotor retardation and episodic muscular weakness are frequently encountered as additional abnormalities. A 6-year-old patient is described with hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome manifest for 3 years. Besides hypernatremia, hypodipsia and the relative insensitivity of the osmoreceptors regulating ADH release, elevated body temperature, polyphagia and obesity, partial hypothalamic-hypophyseal dysfunction, lethargy and psychomotor retardation are the principal findings. An inflammatory lesion or one occupying an intracranial space was not demonstrable until now. Under forced water intake and hypocaloric diet the patient has progressed well with nearly complete normalization of the hypernatremia, body temperature and obesity.
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PMID:Hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome. 42 94

Daily caloric intakes and body weights were measured from weaning to 70 days of age in male Sprague-Dawley rats given access to either a standard laboratory diet and water, or the standard diet, a 32% sucrose solution and water. Lee index of obesity (3 square root body weight/naso-anal length) and fasting blood glucose levels were determined at 46, 57, and 70 days of age. Animals were sacrificed at 70 days, and body composition analyses were performed. Aniamls given access to the sucrose solution consumed significantly more calories per day than animals given only the standard diet. Sucrose animals took approximately 50 to 60% of their daily caloric intake from the sugar solution. Despite the greater caloric intakes of the sucrose animals, sucrose and control animals did not differ in body weight. While there were no differences in body weights between the two groups, the Lee Index of obesity was significantly greater in the sucrose animals than in controls as early as 46 days of age. Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower in sucrose animals than in controls at both 46 and 57 days of age. Direct determinations of body compositions when animals were 70 days of age revealed that animals with access to sucrose had significantly greater percentages of body fat and lower percentages of body protein than controls.
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PMID:Developmental aspects of sucrose-induced obesity in rats. 52 44

Resting metabolic rate was measured in 22 women with varying degrees of obesity. Body composition was estimated from total body potassium and from total body water, and creatinine excretion in urine was measured over a period of three weeks while the patients were on a creatinine and creatine-free reducing diet. Resting metabolic rate was highly significantly correlated with body weight, surface area, creatinine excretion and lean body mass calculated either from potassium or water measurements (P less than 0.001). Correlation with adipose tissue was less strong, and when multiple regression of both fat and lean on metabolic rate was performed, the relationship was seen to depend mostly on the mass of lean rather than adipose tissue. In obese people the water content of fat-free tissue is greater than that in normal subjects, so it is not valid to assume that fat content can be calculated accurately from a measurement of total body water.
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PMID:Resting metabolic rate, weight, surface area and body composition in obese women. 52 17


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