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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study found no link between the intake of energy and various nutrients, on the one hand, and high or low blood pressure (BP) in women, on the other. Sixty women not on treatment for hypertension were selected from a defined population and examined, applying the duplicate portion technique, with respect to the relationships between BP and the intake of energy and nutrients. They were selected from above the 95th percentile for BP (group A) and from below the 30th (group B). The two groups were age-matched. The food sampling comprised six days, divided into three periods of two consecutive days within a period of four weeks. Twenty-four hour urine specimens were collected in each period and on two other occasions. The mean values for intake of energy, fat, protein, carbohydrates, minerals and electrolytes did not differ between the two groups despite the large differences in BP and obesity. The mean values for urinary excretion of minerals, electrolytes and nitrogen (calculated as crude protein) did not differ between groups. The present findings for the effect of salt on BP do not justify restriction of the salt intake as a means for decreasing BP in the population.
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PMID:Comparison of energy and nutrient intakes in women with high and low blood pressure levels. 745 6

Between 14 December 1989 and 17 December 1993, 43 patients undergoing kidney transplantation alone at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh received FK506 as the primary immunosuppressive agent. The mean recipient age was 10.2 +/- 4.8 years (range 0.7-17.4 years), with 7 (16%) children under 5 years of age and 2 (5%) under 2 years of age. Fifteen (35%) children underwent retransplantation, and 5 (12%) had a panel-reactive antibody level greater than 40%. Twenty-two (51%) transplants were with cadaveric donors and 21 (49%) were with living donors. The mean follow-up was 25 +/- 14 months; there were no deaths; 1- and 3-year actuarial graft survival was 98% and 85%. The mean serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were 1.2 +/- 0.6 mg/dl and 26 +/- 11 mg/dl; the calculated creatinine clearance was 75 +/- 23 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Twenty-four (62%) patients have been successfully withdrawn from steroids and 24 (62%) require no anti-hypertensive medication. Improved growth was seen, particularly in pre-adolescent children off steroids. Between 28 July 1990 and 2 December 1993, 24 children were referred for rescue therapy with FK506, 14.6 +/- 16.4 months (range 1.1-53.2 months) after transplantation. Nineteen (79%) were referred because of resistant rejection; 4 (17%) were referred because of proteinuria; 1 (4%) was switched because of steroid-related obesity. There were no deaths; 1- and 2-year graft survival was 75% and 68%; 17 (71%) patients were successfully rescued, including 1 of 2 patients who arrived on dialysis; 4 (24%) of the successfully rescued patients were weaned off steroids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:FK506 in pediatric kidney transplantation--primary and rescue experience. 749 86

This review outlines the present knowledge of the rationales, clinical aspects, and perspectives of a therapy with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in adults. In patients with hypopituitarism the effects of rhGH replacement have been extensively studied. Recent clinical trials show that rhGH treatment improves most alterations of body composition and psychological performance, but many of the metabolic actions of GH remain equivocal. Although side effects after short-term administration are usually mild, the risks of severe long-term adverse effects are still uncertain. A supplementation with rhGH is also suggestive in advanced age and obesity, but the clinical results are controversial so far. The anabolic actions of rhGH were exploited in several recent trials including patients who were severely ill, malnourished, on chronic haemodialysis, or on total parenteral nutrition. Although nitrogen-sparing effects of GH have been demonstrated in most cases, the data do not indicate a clinical benefit in terms of reduced mortality, improved outcome, or accelerated recovery. Therefore, recommendations for the use of rhGH do not have any rationale in these patients yet. The efficacy of rhGH in the treatment of reproductive or immunological disorders remains elusive and needs further investigation. In conclusion, the application of rhGH is still an experimental therapy which should be performed under close observation in well-controlled clinical studies.
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PMID:Growth hormone therapy in adults: rationales, results, and perspectives. 781 98

The changes in alanine turnover were determined in Zucker rats, which were either genetically obese (fa/fa) or rendered obese by dietary treatment (cafeteria fed). The whole body rate of alanine turnover was higher in genetically obese rats than in rats in which obesity was induced by diet (cafeteria). This is possibly due to variations in the rate of the amino acid incorporation into proteins, since the rate of whole body alanine degradation is the same for both groups. Thus, the different pattern followed by alanine turnover rate in these types of obese animals reflects the differences in the nitrogen economy of these animals, pointing to a higher alanine utilization in the genetically obese animals and a conservative management of alanine in the cafeteria-fed animals.
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PMID:Changes in alanine turnover rate due to nutritional and genetic obesity in the rat. 784 26

Glutamate-induced obesity of Wistar-rats is known to develop under normophagic and normoinsulinemic conditions, although hyperphagia and hyperinsulinemia are common to obese individuals. Rats of this obesity model show retarded growth, reduced mass of some organs, carcass and whole body as well as an extraordinary high fat content, whereas protein content is reduced. In this study, nitrogen (N) balance, urinary excretion of urea-N, ammonia-N, creatine-N and alpha-amino acid-N and plasma free fatty acid concentration of growing, glutamate-induced obese rats were determined. The main results were independent of frame of reference (mmol N/kg body mass; mmol N/kg0.75 metabolic body mass; N in % of nitrogen intake): Nitrogen intake, urinary excretion of alpha-amino acids and nitrogen excretion in faeces were equal between lean and obese rats. Nitrogen excretion in urine was elevated in obese rats, mainly resulting from increased amounts of urea and ammonia. Nitrogen balance was positive in both groups, but reduced in obese rats. These data point to normal digestion of food proteins, but an unusual high oxidative desamination rate of the absorbed amino acids in obese rats. Taking into account the various hormonal and nerval alterations in glutamate-induced obese rats, resulting e.g. in increased hepatic insulin concentration, the retained amino acid carbon should be channelled into hepatic fatty acid synthesis. Really, unfasted and overnight fasted obese rats showed elevated plasma free fatty acid concentrations. Channeling of amino acids into lipogenesis may explain the low muscle mass and striking fat accumulation--despite normophagia and peripheral normoinsulinemia--of growing, glutamate-induced obese Wistar-rats.
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PMID:Reduced, positive nitrogen balance and elevated plasma free fatty acid concentration in growing, glutamate-induced obese rats. 790 47

The objective was to determine the effects of persistent obesity on amino acid enzymes in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues. Dietary obesity was induced by feeding a cafeteria diet ad libitum for 3 months, then it was removed and the obese animals received the same diet as controls for 5 months. Dietary-induced obesity was persistent as obese rats showed a stable, higher body weight than controls (26%). Key enzymes of alpha-amino nitrogen metabolism were studied and results showed reduced activities in obese rats: glutamine synthetase (45%), AMP deaminase (52%), alanine aminotransferase (66%) and glutamate dehydrogenase (68%) in BAT, whereas WAT of obese animals only showed lower aspartate aminotransferase activity (47%) with respect to the controls. We can conclude that these adaptations in amino acid metabolism were exclusively dependent on the obese status as they were observed in an obesity model in which obese rats eat the same diet as controls.
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PMID:Brown and white adipose tissue adaptive enzymatic changes on amino acid metabolism in persistent dietary-obese rats. 791 90

A purified moderately high fat diet has been developed to examine diet-induced obesity in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed this or an AIN-76A diet for 15 wk and energy metabolism indices were monitored. Food intake, body weight and water balance indices were recorded on a weekly or daily basis. Over the 15-wk period, rats fed the experimental diet diverged into two groups differing in the rate of body weight gain. Animals were labeled as "gainers" or "resisters" depending on their susceptibility to obesity. Following the dietary period, rats were decapitated and trunk blood was collected for glucose and insulin measurements. Gainers consumed slightly more energy than resisters over the experimental period (P < 0.05), but due to greater fecal energy loss, absorbed energy did not differ. Hence gainers became obese without significantly altered energy retention. Urinary creatinine, urea nitrogen and water balance were not different between the groups and consequently could not explain body weight differences. Further, gainers had significantly greater plasma glucose concentration than controls, indicating a potential for these animals to become diabetic. Results suggest metabolic differences must account for the divergence in weight gain observed in the two groups. The dietary model characterized in this study should provide a useful tool to study diet-induced obesity and to determine its underlying mechanism.
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PMID:Development and characterization of a purified diet to identify obesity-susceptible and resistant rat populations. 796 1

Obesity is a major health problem in the United States today. Traditionally, management of obese hospitalized patients has not differed from that of normal-weight patients, with calorie and protein needs based on current body weight and weight loss postponed until the acute illness has subsided. This study was undertaken to determine whether obese hospitalized patients (> 130% ideal body weight) requiring total parenteral nutrition and given hypocaloric (HC) feedings with adequate protein intake could achieve nitrogen balance comparable with that of controls (C) given isonitrogenous normocaloric formulas. Sixteen obese patients (HC = 9, C = 7) were randomized to either HC (50% resting metabolic energy expenditure, plus protein; calories:nitrogen = 75:1) or C (100% resting metabolic energy expenditure, plus protein; calories:nitrogen = 150:1) formulas. Resting metabolic energy expenditure was determined by indirect calorimetry on day 0 and weekly, and nitrogen balance was determined daily. The two groups were similar in Harris-Benedict predicted energy expenditure and metabolic energy expenditure, initial and final serum albumin, total iron-binding capacity, and weight loss. Total daily calorie and nonprotein calorie intake per kilogram body weight were 14 +/- 4.1 (HC) vs 25 +/- 4 (C) and 7 +/- 1.9 (HC) vs 20 +/- 3 (C), respectively. Protein intake was 1.23 +/- 0.4 (HC) vs 1.31 +/- 0.2 (C) g/kg per day. Initial respiratory quotients were similar and consistent with fasting (HC = 0.7 +/- 0.09 vs C = 0.66 +/- 0.09); final respiratory quotients in C patients reflected mixed fuel use (C = 0.82 +/- 0.11 vs HC = 0.7 +/- 0.12).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Efficacy of hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition in hospitalized obese patients: a prospective, double-blind randomized trial. 855 59

The association between obesity and diet is somewhat conflicting. A population study was undertaken to examine factors influencing diet reporting and the possible differences in diet reporting in relation to such factors. Data on diet, fatness, fat distribution, physical activity, smoking, subjective weight problems, slimming history, social class, education and five year weight change were collected from an age and gender stratified sub-group of Danish men (n = 199) and women (n = 201). Diet reporting was estimated as the difference between protein intake calculated from the diet (dietary interview) and from the analysis of 24 h urine nitrogen excretion. Fatness was estimated from impedance measurements, and fat distribution from body circumference measurements. All other variables were assessed by questionnaire. The study showed that diet reporting was dependent on fatness but independent of gender and age. The fattest tertile under-reported their intake by between 20-25%. The dieters, those with subjective weight problems and those who had not been weight stable since the age of 25, under-reported their intake more than others, independent of age and gender. Men gaining or losing more than 3 kg in five years were furthermore found to under-report their intake independent of age, gender and obesity. No effects of smoking, fat distribution, physical activity, social class or education were found. The results of the present study may influence the interpretation of dietary data from other studies.
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PMID:The influence of fatness, weight change, slimming history and other lifestyle variables on diet reporting in Danish men and women aged 35-65 years. 839 98

The role of insulin in the pathogenesis of hypertension was explored in normal men and male patients with impaired glucose-tolerance. They were classified as normal (n = 94), borderline (n = 164), impaired tolerance (IGT, n = 104), or diabetes mellitus (n = 100) according to their response to an oral 75g glucose challenge. Besides routine laboratory examinations, fasting immunoreactive insulin and post-glucose insulin levels at 30 minutes were measured. Patients with impaired glucose tolerance were older and more obese than the normal subjects. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased with severity of the glucose tolerance impairment. However, renal function, as estimated by blood urea nitrogen levels did not differ among these four groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed that blood pressure correlates significantly with the obesity index, blood glucose, serum cholesterol and serum insulin in all four groups. Among these groups, the partial F ratios for the obesity index were the greatest in both normal and diabetic groups, but in both borderline and IGT groups those for insulin were the greatest. These results indicate that in patients with impaired glucose tolerance is hypertension associated more closely with hyperinsulinemia than it is in normal subjects or diabetic patients.
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PMID:Role of insulin in the pathogenesis of hypertension associated with glucose intolerance. 849 May 97


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