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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many important lessons have been learned from studies of autoimmune diseases in chicken models. It is now quite clear that both cellular and humoral immune responses are important in developing the final picture of autoimmune disease. In the case of the amelanosis of Smyth line (SL) chickens, antibody appears to play the primary role, whereas the sclerosis of University of California/Davis line-200 (UCD-200) birds is mainly mediated by T cells. Chronic thyroiditis of the OS chicken is due to both humoral and cellular effector mechanisms. The Obese strain (OS) chicken is particularly valuable for studies of genetics. Multiple genetic factors converge in producing maximal susceptibility to the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. They include MHC genes responsible for immune recognition; genes affecting thymus development, critical for regulation of the immune response; and genes that control thyroid function, influencing the vulnerability of the target organ to autoimmune attack. The importance of environmental factors, such as dietary iodine, is also strongly supported by studies in the OS chicken. Thus, the birds have provided valuable clues to our understanding of human autoimmune disorders in the past and are expected to do so in the future.
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PMID:Avian models of autoimmune disease: lessons from the birds. 793 87

Mediastinitis-related right ventricular rupture is an unusual but potentially life-threatening complication of cardiac operations. Between January 1981 and December 1990, a total of 10,182 patients underwent heart operations for ischemic, valvular, and congenital heart disease at the Montreal Heart Institute. Forty-eight patients (0.5%) had postoperative mediastinitis necessitating surgical exploration and sternal debridement. The mediastinum was left open for daily irrigation with povidone-iodine and chest reconstruction was postponed. During treatment, seven patients (0.07%) had right ventricular rupture necessitating immediate surgical repair. All had ischemic heart disease before the operation. There were five women and two men, ages ranging from 52 to 65 years (mean 58 +/- 5 years). Surgical repair consisted of autologous patch covered with omentoplasty assisted with cardiopulmonary bypass. Two patients died, one during the operation of massive hemorrhage and the other 10 days after the operation of uncontrolled sepsis. Five patients survived 2 to 29 months (mean 23 +/- 10 months) after right ventricular rupture, with an overall survival of 71%. Obesity was more frequent in the patients with right ventricular rupture and was found to be a significant risk factor (multivariate analysis, p < 0.05, relative risk 3.22). Histologic examination of the right ventricle in the patient who died after a successful repair revealed fatty infiltration of the right ventricular wall. This may have predisposed the patient toward ventricular rupture. In conclusion, right ventricular rupture, an unusual event in heart surgery, is related to open sternal debridement. Favorable outcome of this complication depends on immediate surgical management, autologous repair, and the use of omentoplasty.
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PMID:Right ventricular rupture. A complication of postoperative mediastinitis. 787 26

Experimental alimentary obesity was treated with hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium water from Shmakovskoe deposit and hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium arsenous boric iodine-bromine water from springs in Sinegorsk. The study of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism proved the ability of the waters to prevent complex metabolic disorders typical for obesity.
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PMID:[The effect of the internal intake of carbonate mineral waters on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the development of experimental obesity]. 868 19

A 16-year-old Brazilian girl presented with severe growth retardation (-6.3 SDS), obesity, delayed pubertal development, facial dysmorphia, dry skin, and borderline low intelligence (IQ 89). Endocrinological evaluation showed primary hypothyroidism (no uptake of iodine-131 of the right thyroid lobe). Basal and stimulated gonadotropins were increased and ultrasonography revealed hypoplastic ovaries. The karyotype of peripheral lymphocytes was 46,X,i(Xq). The GH response in euthyroid condition after stimulation with GHRH and insulin was diminished. MRI of the pituitary region showed a suprasellar mass (12 x 15 mm) which was removed by transsphenoidal surgery because of extension to the optic chiasm. Histological examinations revealed regular pituitary tissue with hyperplasia of TSH- and FSH-producing cells. Thyroxine treatment was adjusted and GH was given. We conclude that the suprasellar mass was the consequence of long-lasting hypothalamic overstimulation with TRH and LHRH, due to gonadal and thyroid insufficiency.
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PMID:Pituitary hyperplasia in a girl with gonadal dysgenesis and primary hypothyroidism. 905 Sep 52

Iodine depletion prevents disease and iodine repletion, which may cause thyroid cell injury by reactive oxygen intermediates, initiates disease in the Obese Strain chicken model of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (AT). To examine the role of cell injury and autoantigen availability in AT induction we compared the immune responses that followed blunt trauma to the OS thyroid in the absence of iodine and the administration of normal dietary iodine in the absence of thyroid injury. Serum thyroglobulin concentrations were elevated following thyroid injury and the extensive thyroid infiltrates had high macrophage/CD4+, CD8+, B cell ratios consistent with an acute inflammatory response. The response was self limiting and undetectable in all animals 2 weeks later. Birds raised on a similar low iodine regimen were withdrawn from the regimen and given normal dietary iodine. Their thyroids showed no evidence of acute ultrastructural damage. The resulting early thyroid infiltrates had low macrophage/CD4+, CD8+, B cell ratios. Two weeks later these animals showed severe thyroid infiltration (43%) and after 4 weeks all animals had >90% infiltration. Thus, the presence or absence of thyroidal iodine, whether accompanied by injury or not, determined the nature and consequence of the immune response which argues against hypotheses that include obligatory injury at disease onset. Taken with previous work, this study suggests that iodination of an autoreactive thyroglobulin epitope is a requisite pathogenic action of iodine and supports the notion that in some organ-specific autoimmunity, a component of the dysregulation is associated with aberrant activity of the target tissue.
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PMID:Thyroid injury, autoantigen availability, and the initiation of autoimmune thyroiditis. 948 3

We have investigated 2672 obese subjects (2324 females and 348 males); of these, the following two groups were considered: obese subjects with or without thyroid disease. Subjects were stratified according to age, sex, and BMI. The prevalence of thyroid disease was correlated to age, sex and BMI increased body weight. Our data showed that 22% of patients affected by essential obesity and not resident in area of iodine deficiency is affected by thyroid diseases which are not diagnosed (18%). In the obese subjects, presence of goiter is more frequent than in the normal weight subjects and affects mainly adult males. Chronic thyroiditis is typical of females (9:1 female:male ratio) with no difference between normo and overweight subjects. Prevalence of single nodule in the obese is similar to the normal weight subjects, it is more frequent in adults and in subjects with medium size obesity. However, occurrence of carcinoma (8%) in single nodules appears higher in the overweight (5-6%) as compared to the normal weight subjects.
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PMID:[Latent thyroid diseases in obesity]. 961 7

Chronic feeding of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated metabolite, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), has previously been reported to decrease hyperglycemia, obesity, cancer, and autoantibody generation in a number of animal models and to increase muscle mass and physiological and psychological well-being in elderly humans, although these latter studies remain controversial. The present study was carried out to determine whether large amounts of DHEAS given orally would prevent the occurrence of spontaneous and iodine-induced autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) and/or spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) in male and female BB/Wor rats. DHEAS was administered by gavage (44 mg/rat/day) or in the chow (133 mg/rat/day) to LT- and DM-prone rats from 30 to 120 days of life; some of these rats also received iodine in the drinking water to enhance the incidence and intensity of LT. Onset of DM requiring protamine zinc insulin and its maintenance dose were assessed. Rats were killed at 90 or 120 days of age and blood, thyroid, adrenals, pancreases, testes, and ovaries were removed. Serum glucose, DHEA, DHEAS, thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were measured in all rats in both experiments. Serum DHEAS concentrations were 10-fold higher in the rats given the steroid by gavage or in the diet compared with levels in control rats. DHEAS administered over a prolonged period of time had no significant effect on body weight, incidence and severity of DM, incidence and intensity of spontaneous and iodine-induced LT, and thyroid, pancreas and testes weights but did significantly decrease adrenal and ovarian weights. Serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations were similar in control and DHEAS-treated rats. In conclusion, DHEAS did not prevent the occurrence of iodine-induced or spontaneous autoimmune LT or spontaneous DM in the BB/Wor rat, at variance with its reported immunosuppressive effects in other animal models.
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PMID:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate does not prevent spontaneous and iodine-induced lymphocytic thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus in the BB/Wor rat. 967 43

The detection and correction of dietary errors plays an important role in avian medicine. Examples of diseases caused in part by a deficiency or abundance of a nutrient include hypovitaminosis A in birds of the parrot (Psittacidae) family, hypocalcemia in the African grey parrot, goitre in budgerigars, and iron storage diseases in the minah and toucan. Hypovitaminosis A can lead to metaplasia of mucous membranes, which in turn can lead to chronic rhinitis and respiratory fungal infections. Vitamin A deficiency is caused by feeding a seed based diet. Seed mixtures are often deficient in calcium, and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism can develop if an additional source of calcium, in the form of ground shells, is not provided. Tetanic symptoms as a result of hypocalcemia are only seen in the African grey parrot and the timneh parrot. Over supplementation of vitamin D gives rise to poisoning with polyuria and polydipsia as common initial symptoms. The exact cause of iron storage diseases in toucans and minahs is not known. A diet low in iron and vitamin C is advised as therapy. Goitre can develop in budgerigars as a result of iodine-deficient drinking water and provision of a seed mixture based on millet. An unbalanced or multideficient diet can give rise to reproductive disorders, abnormal feathers, or infections as a result of diminished resistance. It is usually not possible to relate the cause of these diseases in a simple way to the composition of the diet. Obesity, which occurs in the galah, Amazon parrot, and budgerigars, can lead to fatty liver and lipoma. A gradual reduction in weight, by means of calorie restriction, is recommended. Commercially available nutritionally balanced bird food is often effective.
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PMID:[Nutrition-related problems in pet birds]. 992 97

This article reviews the nutritional requirements of puberty and the clinical assessment of nutritional status, and discusses the nutritional risks imposed by vegetarian diets, pregnancy, and athletic involvement. Energy (calories) and protein are essential in pubertal development. Adolescent females require approximately 2200 calories/day, whereas male adolescents require 2500-3000 calories/day. Additional intake requirements include fat, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins, and fiber. The clinical assessment of nutritional status begins with obtaining a good diet history of the patient and this could be offered by the body mass index. Nutritional deficiencies and poor eating habits established during adolescence can have long-term consequences, including delayed sexual maturation, loss of final adult height, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. As for vegetarian adolescents, nutritional risks include lack of iodine, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and some essential fatty acids. In addition, substances in some grains reduce gut absorption, thus increasing mineral deficiencies. Pregnancy may also be a risk factor for poor nutrition during adolescence. A pregnant adolescent has different nutritional needs because she is still growing. Among adolescent athletes many are turning to nutritional supplements in an attempt to improve athletic performance. A balanced, varied diet provides adequate calories and nutrition to meet the needs of most adolescents. They also have greater water needs than do adult athletes. Details on adolescent health concerns are further discussed in this article.
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PMID:Nutrition in the adolescent. 1003 86

Before surgical resection of the colon and/or rectum, we propose: 1) mechanical preparation of the intestine using X prep Sarget (1 pack, 120 mg, diluted in water or two packs in case of obesity) and an antiseptic (iodine polyvidone) (two 2-liter enemas at 5%, one the day before surgery and one 2 hours prior to surgery) associated with; 2) bitherapy (1 g dose of ceftriaxone plus 1 g ornidazole or metronidazole diluted in 125 mg saline solution, for 15 minutes) administered parenterally at least half an hour before the skin incision.
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PMID:[Mechanical and bacteriologic preparation for colorectal surgery: evolution and current recommendations. Associations of Research in Surgery]. 1061 90


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