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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A population-based case-control interview study of thyroid cancer (159 cases and 285 controls) was conducted in Connecticut. Prior radiotherapy to the head or neck was reported by 12% of the cases and 4% of the controls [odds ratio (OR) = 2.8; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-6.9]. Risk was inversely related to age at irradiation and was highest among children exposed under age 10. Few persons born after 1945 received prior radiotherapy, consistent with the declining use of radiation to treat benign conditions in the 1950's. Among females the radiogenic risk appeared to be potentiated by the number of subsequent live-births. Other significant risk factors included a history of benign thyroid nodules (OR = 33) or goiter (OR = 5.6). Miscarriage and multiparity increased risk but only among women who developed thyroid cancer before age 35 years. Consumption of shellfish (a rich source of iodine) seemed to increase the risk of follicular thyroid cancer, whereas consumption of goitrogen-containing vegetables appeared to reduce risk of total thyroid cancer, possibly because of their cruciferous nature. A significantly low risk was observed among persons of English descent, whereas Italian ancestry appeared to increase risk. No significant associations were found with a number of suspected risk factors: diagnostic x-rays, radioactive isotope scans, occupational radiation exposure, tonsillectomy, Jewish ethnicity, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, oral contraceptives, lactation suppressants, menopausal estrogens, most other common medications, and water source. New associations were suggested for obesity among females (OR = 1.5), surgically treated benign breast disease (OR = 1.6), use of spironolactone (OR = 4.3) or vitamin D supplements (OR = 1.8), and a family history of thyroid cancer (OR = 5.2). About 9% of the incident thyroid cancers could be attributed to prior head and neck irradiation, 4% to goiter, and 17% to thyroid nodular disease, leaving the etiology of most thyroid cancers yet to be explained.
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PMID:A population-based case-control study of thyroid cancer. 347 36

In this study we investigated the genetic background of primary abnormalities found in the thyroid gland of Obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), i.e., susceptibility to passively transferred antibodies to thyroglobulin (TgAb) and incomplete suppression of iodine uptake by thyroxine (T4). Several crosses between the B15/B15 subline of OS chickens and the inbred CB line (B12/B12) were done and the progeny was analyzed for thyroiditis after injection of OS serum containing high titers of TgAb. It was found that passive transfer of TgAb increased the lymphoid infiltration in the thyroids of OS chickens, but had no effect on CB birds. A genetic analysis of backcrosses revealed that this trait is, in the case of simple Mendelian inheritance, encoded by at least three recessive genes. The thyroidal 131I uptake of these crosses under T4 was also determined and we found that this trait is most probably encoded by only one recessive gene.
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PMID:Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in obese strain chickens: a genetic analysis of target organ abnormalities. 405 27

Five methods for preventing deep venous thrombosis in postoperative patients were evaluated and compared with a control group. Five hundred patients from five surgical specialties were studied. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis was 37.3 percent in the control group but significantly less within all treatment groups. The minidose heparin group had the highest incidence (26.9 percent) because there were a large number of bilateral thromboses. The antistasis modalities did slightly better than the drugs; the intermittent pneumatic compression group had the fewest thromboses (11.9 percent). The significant risk factors for postoperative deep venous thrombosis are (1) obesity, (2) malignancy, (3) a history of venous disease, major surgery or major fracture, (4) length of surgery greater than 1 hour, and (5) increasing age. Four nonfatal pulmonary emboli occurred in 500 patients. Two were in women with hysterectomies in whom thrombosis had never been detected in an extremity; it is presumed that these clots arose from pelvic veins. It is thus recommended that patients in these high risk groups be treated prophylactically with one of the aforementioned modalities to decrease the risk of postoperative deep venous thrombosis. Of the different methods used to detect deep venous thrombosis, iodine-125 fibrinogen scanning was superior to both impedance plethysmography and venous Doppler ultrasound. One hundred percent of the thrombi were identified with scanning, whereas far fewer were detected with the latter methods. It is recommended that fibrinogen scanning be used clinically in patients in high risk categories who are undergoing major operative procedures.
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PMID:Postoperative venous thrombosis. Evaluation of five methods of treatment. 616 50

This review examines the incidence, natural history, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and management of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in neurosurgical patients. Recent studies estimate the incidence of postoperative DVT detected by fibrinogen scanning in neurosurgical patients to be 29% to 43%. Specific factors that enhance the risk of venous thromboembolism include previous DVT, surgery, immobilization, advanced age, obesity, limb weakness, heart failure, and lower extremity trauma. Clinical diagnosis of venous thromboembolism is unreliable but can be augmented by noninvasive screening tests such as iodine-125-fibrinogen scanning, Doppler ultrasonography, and impedance plethysmography. As prophylactic measures, mini-dose heparin and external pneumatic compression of the legs have decreased the incidence of DVT in clinical studies of neurosurgical patients. However, no prophylactic measure has been convincingly shown to prevent PE in neurosurgical patients. Thrombi involving the popliteal, deep femoral, and iliac veins appear most likely to cause significant PE. Anticoagulation therapy constitutes standard management of DVT and PE; however, in neurosurgical patients the potential for precipitating intracranial or intraspinal hemorrhage may necessitate vena caval interruption. This appears to be an effective alternative to anticoagulation.
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PMID:Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli in neurosurgical patients: a review. 638 85

Accumulation of 131I was decreased in patients with heart ischemic disease and excessive body mass whereas this decrease occurred more seldom in patients with metabolic-alimenatary obesity. Increase in the ratio of alpha-cholesterol/cholesterol in blood serum was more typical for the patients with heart ischemic disease as compared with corpulent patients. Deterioration of iodine-accumulating function of thyroid gland in the ischemic disease was accompanied by decrease in content of cholesterol as well as by increase of alpha-cholesterol. These alterations were not found in the patients with obesity. In the decrease of iodine-accumulating function of thyroid gland contents of cholesterol and alpha-cholesterol were dissimilarly altered in the patients with excessive body mass and heart ischemic disease as well as in the patients with metabolic-alimentary obesity.
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PMID:[High density lipoprotein cholesterol and iodine-accumulating function of thyroid gland in patients with alimentary obesity as well as patients with ischemic heart disease with excessive body mass]. 683 48

The nutrition pattern and disease incidence were studied in 9634 schoolchildren with varying body lengths. A direct correlation was established between the body length and energy value of nutrition, the content of basic food, macroelements and trace elements, vitamins A and B. Tall schoolchildren were shown to have a greater incidence of obesity, chronic tonsilitis, rheumatic fever, enuresis, abnormal posture and scoliosis. The biogeochemical provinces with endemic fluorosis and goiter were disclosed to have the increased number of children below medium height and of low height, which is accounted for by the deficient content of fluorine and iodine in the environment.
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PMID:[Essential nutrition and health status indices of schoolchildren of various heights]. 709 Mar 22

In 534 unselected schoolchildren aged 6-14 yr from the greater Athens area the size of the thyroid gland was assessed by palpation, and information was obtained on sex, age, height, weight, skinfold thickness, socioeconomic class, eye colour and urinary iodine excretion. The results were analysed by discriminant analysis. Altogether 14% of these children had a thyroid enlargement (7% had a definite goitre and another 7% a smaller enlargement). The set of variables studied were significantly discriminatory (Wilk's lambda 0.926, p approximately equal to 0.004). Most of the discrimination was accounted for by height (positive association, b coefficient 0.0114, SE 0.0029, t = 3.95) and weight (negative association, b coefficient 0.0107, SE 0.0030, t = 3.61). No other parameter, including iodine excretion, showed a significant difference between goitrous and nongoitrous. It is concluded that the only genuine difference is that goitrous are heavier for a given height or shorter for a given weight, i.e. more obese. The reason for which obesity protects from sporadic nontoxic goitre is not entirely clear, but probably both nutritional and genetic factors are involved.
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PMID:An epidemiologic survey of thyroid enlargement among schoolchildren in a non-endemic area. 712 49

Nutritional surveys attempt to estimate the nutritional status of people from various physical (clinical, anthropometric) and biochemical (with respect to nutrients) measurements, whereas dietary surveys attempt to measure what people eat. Although dietary surveys help explain possible reasons for clinical and laboratory findings, the nutritional status of people cannot be inferred from the diet alone. The determinants of nutritional status and, for that matter, the health of the individual and the population as a whole, include a variety of factors, biologic (genetic), behavioral, sociocultural, economic, and environmental. Diet is one environmental factor of great importance in determining man's level of health and well-being. The 1971-1974 HANES showed that excessive weight or obesity is a major health problem affecting people at all age and economic levels. At the same time, the survey showed a trend toward low calorie intake among certain adults over age 45, particularly women over age 60. The data also indicate that iron deficiency occurs among young children, pregnant women, and the elderly and that dental caries is a prevalent condition. Vitamin and iodine deficiencies, for practical purposes, do not exist in the U.S. population, although several surveys have uncovered certain vitamin deficiencies among the elderly. Dietary deficiencies, where they occur, are related to socioeconomic and cultural factors, specific conditions, and disease states. Reliable data do not exist to estimate the extent of malnutrition among the hospitalized and institutionalized population.
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PMID:Overview of nutritional status in the United States. 730 53

The present study examines the role of thyroid cell injury in the initiation of autoimmune thyroiditis by iodine in Obese strain (OS) chickens, a strain genetically susceptible to spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. OS and normal strain chickens were placed on an iodine depletion regimen started in ovo. This regimen is known to prevent thyroiditis in OS chickens. The chickens were injected with NaI every 24 h for up to 7 days starting at 3 weeks of age. Both strains showed evidence of mild thyrocyte injury 12 h after NaI. However, significant and sustained infiltration, beginning 24 h after NaI, was seen only in the OS. The infiltrating cells were primarily mononuclear. Polymorphonuclear cells were not observed. Immunohistological analysis showed the infiltrate to be composed of CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, B cells, and macrophages in the ratio 40:20:22:17. The infiltration was sustained and progressive for at least 7 days. Thyroid infiltration after NaI repletion was significantly reduced in OS chickens tolerized to thyroglobulin at hatching. Prior treatment with the antioxidant drug ethoxyquin completely prevented both the thyrocyte injury and the infiltration induced by iodine. Treatment with antioxidant drugs had no effect on the uptake and incorporation of iodine by the thyroid. In summary, 1) iodine caused thyrocyte injury in both OS and normal chickens. 2) The injury was followed by cellular infiltration in the OS but not in normal chickens. 3) The infiltration appeared to be immune mediated in being primarily lymphocytic and at least partially thyroglobulin sensitive. 4) Prevention of thyroid injury by antioxidant drug treatment also prevented infiltration. We conclude that thyroid cell injury may be an initial event in the induction of autoimmune thyroiditis by iodine.
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PMID:Thyroid cell injury is an initial event in the induction of autoimmune thyroiditis by iodine in obese strain chickens. 758 41

New nutritional analyses suggest that current trends in the production of food are inappropriate for the health of most of the world's populations. Four deficiency problems now dominate analyses of the nutritional disorders of developing countries: the risks from iodine, vitamin A and iron deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition now affect over two billion children and adults. Chronic energy deficiency affects half of Indian adults, with similar rates in Pakistan and Ethiopia. India will need to increase food production two- to three-fold by 2020 to cope with the predicted population explosion and desirable increases in food consumption. As erosion, salination and environmental degradation further limit land availability, current problems will overwhelm agricultural demand. Societies increase their meat, milk and fat consumption as they become affluent, and suffer from heart disease, diabetes, obesity, cancers and a variety of other 'Western' public health problems. Agricultural production is then regeared inappropriately. The Second World has an agriculture system geared to 1940s Western concepts of high animal production. Russia now vies with Scotland and Northern Ireland for the highest heart disease rates in the world and has the fattest adults in Europe. Most major non-infective public health issues throughout the world are nutritionally related. Global warming will exacerbate these problems, but effective dietary change with less animal production could release land which could be used more efficiently.
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PMID:Food quality and human nutrition. 769 4


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