Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Obese patients who voluntarily reduce to a normal weight may develop secondary amenorrhea. Six young women who dieted to lose from 13 to 50 pounds, including four from an obese weight, were evaluated because of absent cervical mucus ferning, hypoestrogenic vaginal smears, and failure to have withdrawal menses from a progestogen. Serum FSH values were normal in all, while four had normal serum LH and two had low serum LH levels. T4 and/or T3 uptake was normal in all. The pituitary-adrenal axis was apparently intact since baseline urinary steroids were normal as was the response to both ACTH and metyrapone. Fasting serum growth hormone was markedly elevated in two and slightly elevated in three, with the other patinet demonstrating an unusually high response to glucagon/propranolol in the 30 minute specimen. These endocrine findings are similar to those observed in patients with anorexia nervosa, but the weight loss is entirely voluntary and there was no associated psychiatric abnormality.
 ...
PMID:Amenorrhea secondary to voluntary weight loss. 48 81

We studied secretion of growth hormone (GH), insulin, and prolactin in eight women with anorexia nervosa and nine women with refractory obesity before and during treatment with bromocriptine, 10 mg/day. In the anorexic patients the raised plasma GH concentrations occurring during an oral glucose tolerance test fell significantly while on bromocriptine treatment, but there was no change in plasma insulin or blood glucose concentrations. In the obese patients, however, plasma GH concentrations remained low during the oral glucose tolerance test, and were not modified by bromocriptine. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were also unchanged. Plasma GH and plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia were unaffected. Serum prolactin concentrations which were raised in five anorexic patients and marginally raised in two obese subjects, fell significantly in both groups during treatment. We observed no consistent weight changes in either groups.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone, insulin, and prolactin secretion in anorexia nervosa and obesity during bromocriptine treatment. 57 73

The early response of plasma insulin (IRI) to successive intravenous doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg of tolbutamide was studied in nondiabetic obese subjects, in acromegalic patients, and in healthy controls. The smallest dose raised the plasma IRI level within two minutes in all subjects. The insulin response was correlated with the basal IRI in controls and in obese subjects but not in acromegalic patients. At each tolbutamide dose level the mean IRI response of obese subjects was about three times greater than in controls. In acromegalic subjects an increased response was observed only after the 200 mg dose of tolbutamide. The results suggest that in obesity the stimulus-secretion coupling of insulin output is normal but the number of secretory units is increased. In acromegaly the insulin release pattern is compatible with an increased number of secretory units which, however, are relatively insensitive to tolbutamide, probably due to an elevated serum growth hormone level.
 ...
PMID:Response of plasma insulin to small doses of tolbutamide in obesity and acromegaly. 61 12

Hourly integrated concentrations (IC) of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and cortisol were determined by a continuous sampling procedure in six obese women, before and at the end of a 12 day fast, and in eight normal controls under basal conditions. Hormonal 24 h IC and nyctohemeral variations were calculated from these data. Nyctohemeral rhythms were investigated by the periodogram method. A significant increase over basal values of 24 h IC of PRL, GH and cortisol was observed at the end of the fasting period. Nyctohemeral variations--but not nyctohemeral rhythm--of IC-GH were found in normal subjects. They were abolished in obese patients under basal conditions but restored during fasting. The circadian rhythm of cortisol was not altered in obesity. A shift of the normal nyctohemeral rhythm of PRL was observed in obese patients, but the normal pattern was restored during fasting.
 ...
PMID:Simultaneous study of cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin nyctohemeral variations in normal and obese subjects. Influence of prolonged fasting in obesity. 67 99

Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) secretions in mice rendered obese by the administration of gold thioglucose (GTG) are abnormal. The objective of the present experiments was to determine whether the effects were related to the drug or to the resultant obesity. Perphenazine-induced PRL release in normal mice and in GTG-injected non-obese mice was compared to that of GTG-injected obese mice after the initial development of obesity, after body weight reduction by diet control and after the resumption of obesity by ad lib. feeding. The GTG-injected mice which did not become obese had greater (50%) than normal levels of serum PRL following perphenazine stimulation in 2 of 3 experiments. This suggested that the injection of GTG directly affected the control mechanism for PRL secretion, but that the abnormal PRL secretion was probably not the cause of obesity that develops after GTG treatment. Perphenazine-induced PRL levels in mice rendered obese with GTG were much greater (2-3 times higher than normal). However, the unusually high levels of PRL were totally abolished when the body weights of these mice were brought down to normal by dietary restriction. Conversely, when obesity was permitted to recur by giving the mice free access to food, PRL levels reverted back to the original obese pattern. The concentrations of GH were usually lower than normal in GTG-obese mice, and these levels were also more often associated with the development of obesity than with the injection of GTG. The data show a marked influence of obesity on the control of PRL and GH secretions in the mouse.
 ...
PMID:Control of prolactin and growth hormone secretion in mice by obesity. 78 57

In monkeys (Macaca mulatta) without hypothalamic lesions, food intake was found to increase with increasing age and body weight; however, food intake per kilogram body weight showed a decline over the same period of time. As the animals became older, the amount of food intake converted to body weight decreased dramatically (feeding efficiency). Water intake was shown to be closely coupled to food intake. Both daily food and water-intake data were highly reliable over a period of years. Monkeys with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions exhibited hyperphagia and increased feeding-efficiency ratios and eventual obesity. The obese animals developed symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Animals with lesions restricted primarily to the arcuate nucleus showed no hyperphagia but increased feeding efficiency. These animals exhibited decreased growth hormone release and a transitory elevation of serum insulin.
 ...
PMID:Feeding behavior in monkeys with and without lesions of the hypothalamus. 81 9

It should be obvious from the foregoing discussion that, at the present time, there is not an acceptably safe and effective pharmacological treatment for obesity. This patent inadequacy of present drug regimens has spawned the investigation into the diverse pharmacological approaches reviewed in this paper as well as investigation into the intestinal bypass operation (see Chapter 10). We feel that the eventual, safe and effective therapy for obesity will come from the pharmacological realm. Glucose-blocking drugs, growth hormone analogues, and hydroxycitrate are but three of the potentially safe and effective approaches to the problem for the future. It will be truly fascinating to watch the development in the treatment of obesity and, specifically, the pharmacological treatment for this problem over the next five to ten years.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacological approaches to treating the obese patient. 82 80

To investigate the hypothalamic responsiveness in obesity, changes in the levels of plasma cortisol and growth hormone (GH) were studied in 11 obese and six normal-weight subjects after hypothalamic alpha-adrenergic stimulation with methoxamine, 20 mg i.v. To allow for dose/body weight differences, five additional obese subjects received 30 mg methoxamine. Plasma GH, cortisol, insulin, free fatty acid and glucose levels were determined during the 3-h infusion of methoxamine. The responses of cortisol and GH were reduced in the obese subjects as compared with the normal-weight subjects. No significant changes in plasma glucose, free fatty acids or insulin were observed in any of the groups. The reduced responses of plasma cortisol ang GH in the obese subjects are considered to be an expression of hypothalamic underresponsiveness, since the stimuli for the secretion of these hormones are at least partially controlled by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism.
 ...
PMID:Low cortisol and growth hormone secretion in response to methoxamine administration in obese subjects. 87 64

Plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and growth hormone (GH) were determined in fasted lean and genetically obese pigs at 1, 3, and 6 mo of age. Rate of glucose clearance and plasma IRI and GH response in provocative stimulation were also measured. Fasting glucose was similar in lean and obese pigs, whereas glucose clearance rate was more rapid in lean pigs. Obese pigs were not hyperinsulinemic but had lower plasma GH than lean pigs. At 1 mo of age, both lean and obese pigs had higher plasma IRI and GH as compared to 3 and 6 mo. Glucose infusion produced increases in plasma IRI at 1, 3, and 6 mo, respectively, with the greatest increases at 6 mo. Plasma IRI peaked at the same level in both pig types at a given age; but due to a more prolonged response in obese pigs, the overall IRI response to glucose infusion was greater in obese pigs. Arginine infusion caused much smaller IRI responses than glucose, but the response of obese pigs was significantly greater than that of lean pigs. Both provocative stimuli caused increases in plasma GH. The GH response to glucose infusion in obese pigs was considerably less than in lean pigs. These observations suggest mild insulin insensitivity and a reduced GH secretory potential in the obese as compared to lean pigs.
 ...
PMID:Insulin and growth hormone in lean and obese pigs. 88 46

The level of the radioimmunological growth hormone, free fatty acids and sugar was determined in the blood on fasting stomach and after the intravenous injection of insulin in 45 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, insulin-resistant and sensitive, with consideration to body weight. Patients requiring for compensation of diabetes mellitus 100 units and more of insulin per day were referred to the group of resistant cases. A significantly greater growth hormone content on fasting stomach 60 and 120 min after the administration of insulin was found in the sensitive patients with diabetes mellitus with a normal weight, in comparison with the group of healthy individuals; the content was also higher on fasting stomach and in 60 minutes in comparison with the group of sensitive diabetics with excessive weight. A conclusion was drawn on the significance in the resistance formation of prolonged and stable decompensation. A reduction of compensatory possibilities of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system in response to the insulin deficiency in diabetic patients resistant to insulin is supposed. Adiposity characterized by reduction of the insulin sensitivity increased the requirements to the regulating system and led to reduction of the compensatory reaction at the stage of less severe sensitive diabetes. No participation of free fatty acids in the resistance formation was revealed.
 ...
PMID:[The pathogenesis of the insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus]. 93 91


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>