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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors examined the relation between 24-hour dietary fiber intake at baseline survey in 1972-1974 and subsequent 12-year ischemic heart disease mortality in a southern Californian population-based cohort of 859 men and women aged 50-79 years. Relative risks of ischemic heart disease mortality in those with dietary fiber intake of 16 gm/24 hours or more compared with those with intake less than 16 gm/24 hours were 0.33 in men and 0.37 in women. A 6 gm increment in daily fiber intake was associated with a 25% reduction in ischemic heart disease mortality (p less than 0.01). This effect was independent of other dietary variables, including calories, fat, cholesterol, protein, carbohydrate, alcohol, calcium, and potassium. Some, but not all, of this effect appears to be mediated through the known cardiovascular risk factors: after multivariate adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, obesity, fasting plasma glucose, and cigarette smoking habit, the magnitude of the protective effect of fiber was reduced but still significant in both sexes combined. These findings support the hypothesis that high dietary fiber intake is protective for ischemic heart disease mortality.
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PMID:Dietary fiber and reduced ischemic heart disease mortality rates in men and women: a 12-year prospective study. 282 19

The conventional "stepped-care" approach to the treatment of hypertension deserves revision. Rational therapy considers a variety of factors to obtain maximum efficacy, safety, tolerability, compliance, and neutralization of neural tone for the prevention of sudden death. The patient's age, gender, race, behavior profile, hemodynamic and neurohumoral status (plasma renin activity, norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio), and quality of life will help determine the choice of antihypertensive agent. Concomitant risk factors (smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia), the presence of sequelae (left ventricular hypertrophy and/or failure, renal failure), and the existence of other disorders (mitral valve prolapse, depression, anxiety) must also be considered when initiating treatment. In addition, the cost of ancillary expenses (laboratory tests, hospitalizations, and emergency room visits) must be weighed against the potential benefits of therapy. Beta blockers are effective, well tolerated, and versatile for the treatment of concomitant cardiovascular disorders and as behavior modifiers. Calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors also show promise and merit consideration as therapy for specific groups of hypertensive patients.
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PMID:The 1980s: a patient-specific therapeutic approach in hypertension. 288 36

To assess the effect of dietary calcium intake on risk of hip fracture, a geographically defined caucasian population in southern California was studied prospectively. Between 1973 and 1975, a quantified 24 hour diet recall was obtained by a dietician from 957 men and women aged 50 to 79 years at baseline. Follow-up to 1987 with mortality records and interviews showed 15 men and 18 women with hip fractures. The age-adjusted risk of hip fracture was inversely associated with dietary calcium whether considered as mg per day or as nutrient density (mg per 1000 kcal). No other nutrient was consistently associated with hip fracture in any Cox proportional hazards model that included calcium. The association between calcium and fracture persisted after adjustment for cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, exercise, and obesity. The significant independent inverse association of dietary calcium with subsequent risk of hip fracture (relative risk = 0.6 per 198 mg/1000 kcal) strongly supports the hypothesis that increased dietary calcium intake protects against hip fracture.
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PMID:Dietary calcium and risk of hip fracture: 14-year prospective population study. 290 78

Osteoarthritis is a chronic disabling disease in the elderly, but few studies have examined nutritional parameters of osteoarthritis patients. For 82 ambulatory elderly osteoarthritis patients, a registered dietitian assessed the following: consumption of 72 food items, using a food-frequency questionnaire; weight history, by measuring current weight and asking the weight at age 20, maximum adult weight, and minimum adult weight; dietary habits; and vitamin supplement consumption. Joint pain and activities of daily living (ADL) were assessed by a physician. On the basis of the Four Food Group guidelines, dietary intakes were suboptimal in the dairy and grain groups, which are important sources of calcium, vitamin D, thiamin, iron, and riboflavin. Eighty percent of the sample were obese (BMI greater than or equal to 27). The average weight change since early adulthood was a gain of 59 lb. Current joint pain and ADL restrictions were not related to obesity or weight gain. Vitamin/mineral supplements were consumed by 37% of the sample.
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PMID:Dietary habits, weight history, and vitamin supplement use in elderly osteoarthritis patients. 280 35

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of obesity on the postmenopausal bone mass. Bone mineral density, measured by dual photon absorptiometry of the lumbar spine, serum osteocalcin (OC), fasting urinary calcium to creatinine (Ca:Cr), serum estradiol (E2) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and testosterone (T) were measured in 176 women aged 45-71 years. Women were divided into four groups according to their menopausal status and their weight: 49 perimenopausal, 28 obese perimenopausal, 49 obese postmenopausal. Within each population (perimenopausal and postmenopausal), mean age was the same, only weight was significantly different (p less than 0.0001). For the two groups of postmenopausal women mean interval since menopause (YSM) was the same (5.8 +/- 3 and 5.4 +/- 5 yr). Comparison between groups revealed a significant effect of menopausal status and obesity on BMD and bone turnover. As compared to perimenopausal women, BMD was lower, OC and Ca: Cr higher only in nonobese-postmenopausal women. E2, T, DHA did not differ between the two groups of postmenopausal women. The results of this study suggest that even moderate obesity can play a protective role on postmenopausal bone loss.
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PMID:Obesity and postmenopausal bone loss: the influence of obesity on vertebral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. 296 34

Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) is increased in obese as compared with nonobese subjects and declines with weight loss. To determine whether alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system occurs in obesity and whether ensuing secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with a reduction in urinary calcium, a study was performed in 12 obese white individuals, five men and seven women, and 14 nonobese white subjects, eight men and six women, ranging in age from 20 to 35 yr. Body weight averaged 106 +/- 6 kg in the obese and 68 +/- 2 kg in the nonobese subjects (P less than 0.01). Each of them were hospitalized on a metabolic ward and were given a constant daily diet containing 400 mg of calcium and 900 mg of phosphorus. Whereas mean serum calcium, serum ionized calcium, and serum phosphorus were the same in the two groups, mean serum immunoreactive PTH (518 +/- 48 vs. 243 +/- 33 pg/ml, P less than 0.001), mean serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] (37 +/- 2 vs. 29 +/- 2, P less than 0.01), and mean serum Gla protein (33 +/- 2 vs. 24 +/- 2 ng/ml, P less than 0.02) were significantly higher, and mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) (8 +/- 1 vs. 20 +/- 2 ng/ml, P less than 0.001) was significantly lower in the obese than in the nonobese men and women. Mean urinary phosphorus was the same in the two groups, whereas mean urinary calcium (115 +/- 10 vs. 166 +/- 13 mg/d, P less than 0.01) was significantly lower, and mean urinary cyclic AMP (3.18 +/- 0.43 vs. 1.84 +/- 0.25 nM/dl GF, P less than 0.01) and creatinine clearance (216 +/- 13 vs. 173 +/- 6 liter/d, P less than 0.01) were significantly higher in the obese than in the nonobese individuals. There was a significant positive correlation between percentage of ideal body weight and urinary cyclic AMP (r = 0.524, P less than 0.01) and between percentage of ideal body weight and serum immunoreactive PTH (r = 0.717, P less than 0.01) in the two groups. The results provide evidence that alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects is characterized by secondary hyperparathyroidism which is associated with enhanced renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increased circulating 1,25(OH)2D. The reduction of serum 25-OHD in them is attributed to feedback inhibition of hepatic synthesis of the precursor by the increased serum 1,25(OH)2D.
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PMID:Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects. 299 40

Dietary alteration or intervention is an ideal method of preventing or treating hypertension. Medication may be eliminated or reduced in many cases. Correction of obesity and alcohol abuse are confirmed methods of treating hypertension. Reduction of sodium intake is effective in that portion of the population which is salt-sensitive. Probably, the ratio of sodium to potassium is of importance and increasing potassium intake while reducing sodium intake is effective in many situations. Evidence is being reported which indicates that adequate intake of calcium, and perhaps magnesium, is effective in preventing hypertension. Limited information indicates that a sufficiency of dietary essential fatty acids and fibre are effective in hypertension prevention. The role of dietary protein, carbohydrates, fat, cholesterol, vitamins, and essential elements (other than those mentioned above) in the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated at this time, but there are indications that adequate intakes are beneficial in hypertension. Water hardness may have some effect in reducing hypertension incidence, and any effectiveness would probably result from calcium and magnesium in the drinking water. Animal studies and limited human studies indicate some detrimental effects of heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, upon the pathogenesis of hypertension. Information regarding caffeine intake is inconclusive.
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PMID:Dietary factors in essential hypertension. 300 94

Ion metabolism in obesity-associated hypertension is reviewed. A hypothesis is presented which proposes that ion imbalances in obesity may play an etiological role in obesity-associated diabetes mellitus as well. It is suggested that the rise in intracellular calcium--secondary to reduced sodium, potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na,K-ATPase) activity--may aid in the development of increased vascular tone and decreased glucose tolerance.
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PMID:Hypertension and diabetes in obesity: a review and new ideas on the contributing role of ions. 301 58

Recent studies of vegetarian diets and their effects on morbidity and mortality are reviewed. Vegetarian diets are heterogeneous as are their effects on nutritional status, health, and longevity. Mortality rates are similar or lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians. Risks of dietary deficiency disease are increased on vegan but not on all vegetarian diets. Evidence for decreased risks for certain chronic degenerative diseases varies. Both vegetarian dietary and lifestyle practices are involved. Data are strong that vegetarians are at lesser risk for obesity, atonic constipation, lung cancer, and alcoholism. Evidence is good that risks for hypertension, coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, and gallstones are lower. Data are only fair to poor that risks of breast cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, colonic cancer, calcium kidney stones, osteoporosis, dental erosion, and dental caries are lower among vegetarians. Reduced risks for chronic degenerative diseases can also be achieved by manipulations of omnivorous diets and lifestyles.
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PMID:Health aspects of vegetarian diets. 304 2

To evaluate whether changed plasma calcium binding might lead to a secondary increase of parathyroid hormone in morbid obesity, fasting measurements of serum ionized, ultrafiltrable and total calcium, calcium binding substances, and parathyroid hormone were undertaken in age- and sex-matched groups of obese (n = 44) and normal weight subjects (n = 52). The 24-hour urinary calcium excretion and clearance of creatine were also measured. Calcium binding to proteins was changed. Serum total proteins and protein-bound calcium did not differ, but serum albumin was decreased in obesity. Consequently, obese subjects did not reveal the normal dependency of protein-bound calcium upon albumin. Calcium binding to other substances was also changed. Serum phosphate and bicarbonate were decreased, while the concentrations of citrate, lactate, acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, and urate were all increased, leaving the total concentration of plasma complex-bound calcium unchanged. Nevertheless, these reciprocal changes increase the concentrations of less readily reabsorbable anions in the renal ultrafiltrate. The changed pattern of calcium binding in serum of the obese subjects may serve to explain our findings of increased urinary calcium excretion, lowering of serum ionized calcium and increased parathyroid hormone levels, changes being significantly correlated with degree of overweight.
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PMID:Increased parathyroid hormone as a consequence of changed complex binding of plasma calcium in morbid obesity. 308 Jun 52


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