Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypertension is a multifactorial disease that is manifested hemodynamically by an increased total peripheral resistance that is more or less uniformly distributed throughout the organ circulations, especially in its target organs, the brain, heart, and kidney. The vasoconstriction involves venules as well as arterioles. The increased afterload that is imposed upon the left ventricle results in the development of concentric hypertrophy. This may be complicated by a preload component early in hypertension or in patients who are volume-dependent (e.g., obesity, blacks). Eventually, if not treated, dysrhythmias, sudden death, or cardiac failure may supervene. The kidney becomes affected by progressive failure in function related to hemodynamic impairment secondary to afferent, as well as efferent, arteriolar constriction, which increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure. If at all possible, antihypertensive therapy should not be associated with intravascular volume expansion or reflex cardiac stimulation. Calcium antagonists reduce arterial pressure through a fall in vascular resistance without expanding volume or inordinately stimulating the heart. Left ventricular afterload is diminished with associated decrease of left ventricular mass. Moreover, renal blood flow increases while filtration fraction and glomerular hydrostatic pressure diminishes. Thus, these agents approach the ideal in reversing the pathophysiological complications of the disease.
 ...
PMID:Pathophysiology of hypertension: effects of calcium antagonists on heart and kidney. 246 71

Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration [Ca2+]i was quantified in cultured bone cells with osteoblastic characteristics. The cells were obtained from femurs of obese (fa/fa) Wistar-Kyoto rats, from nonobese, noninsulin-dependent diabetic (NIDD) Sprague Dawley rats, and from their appropriate controls. [Ca2+]i was also determined in bone cells obtained from in vivo insulin-treated NIDD rats. Obese (Wistar Kyoto) rats had increased body weight (313 +/- 13 vs. 249 +/- 4 g; P less than 0.01), decreased femur weights (0.68 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.89 +/- 0.05 g; P less than 0.05), similar glucose levels (148 +/- 5 vs. 139 +/- 3 mg/dl), and higher plasma insulin levels (6.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; P less than 0.01) when compared with their nonobese [(fa/+); (+/+)] littermates. Nonobese, NIDD rats, compared with their appropriate controls (nondiabetic Sprague Dawley rats) had higher plasma glucose levels (235 +/- 32 vs. 145 +/- 3 mg/dl; P less than 0.01) but their plasma insulins, body weights, and femur weights were similar to controls (0.7 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; 302 +/- 4 vs. 318 +/- 14 g; 0.97 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.98 +/- 0.04 g, respectively). Long-term (4 weeks) daily insulin treatment (2 u/100 g) of the NIDD rats increased their plasma insulin (1.9 ng/ml; P less than 0.05) and body weight (369 +/- 13 g; P less than 0.05) but did not change their plasma glucose levels (225 +/- 5 mg/dl), or femur weights (0.98 +/- 0.4 g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Abnormal cell calcium concentrations in cultured bone cells obtained from femurs of obese and noninsulin-dependent diabetic rats. 249 89

Established risk factors for osteoporosis and associated fractures are increasing age, female sex, white race, removal of the ovaries at an early age, prolonged immobility, and prolonged use of corticosteroids. Obesity and use of estrogen replacement therapy are protective. Factors that probably or possibly increase risk in postmenopausal white women include a low calcium intake, cigarette smoking, and, at least for hip fractures, use of long half-life psychotrophic drugs and heavy alcohol consumption. Factors probably or possibly associated with a decreased risk include ingestion of vitamin D and its metabolites, fluoride levels of 2 ppm or more in drinking water, moderate physical activity, pregnancies and breast feeding, use of thiazide diuretics, and progestogens. Some evidence suggests that calcium intake and physical activity at young ages may be important determinants of peak bone mass. Few studies have been undertaken in males and blacks, although at least some risk factors in males may be similar to those in females. Preventive efforts may be aimed at increasing peak bone mass at young ages, preventing bone loss in postmenopausal women, and preventing fractures and their adverse consequences in older people with osteoporosis.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for osteoporosis and associated fractures. 251 95

Obesity, diet and alcohol consumption constitute major environmental determinations of blood pressure elevation. The long term setting of blood pressure in response to these factors will be determined by genetic susceptibility, and interactions with effects of physical fitness and smoking. Dietary changes which independently influence both atherosclerosis and hypertension are likely to be of greatest value in helping to control morbidity and mortality from hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Recommendations should focus on diets low in total and saturated fat intake and high in fruit and vegetables, containing potassium and fibre, coupled with weight control, alcohol moderation to less than two drinks per day in drinkers and regular physical exercise. Sodium restriction will help lower blood pressure in older hypertensives in particular. The role of dietary calcium or fish oils in blood pressure regulation is still uncertain. Dietary and related recommendations on smoking and exercise should be 'first line' treatment in mild hypertensives, and complimentary to therapy in all patients requiring drugs.
 ...
PMID:Diet, alcohol and hypertension. 255 47

Jejunoileal bypass (JIB) has been widely performed for treatment of excessive obesity. Formation of calcium oxalate stones is a common side effect. Since, under physiological conditions, the intestinal absorption of calcium and that of oxalate are interrelated, intestinal oxalate and calcium absorption were measured in the present study by isotope techniques in 19 JIB patients and 20 healthy controls. The JIB patients showed pronounced hyperoxaluria and markedly increased absorption of oxalate, with a urinary excretion of 14C-oxalate of 29 +/- 19% (controls 6.2 +/- 3.7%; p less than 0.001). There was a strong correlation between the intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of oxalate in the JIB patients (r = 0.72; p less than 0.001). Furthermore, their oxalate kinetics was altered, with continued urinary excretion of 14C-oxalate for up to 48 hours. The JIB patients also had reduced calcium absorption (36 +/- 9.1% vs. 47 +/- 9.0%; p less than 0.001) and patients with malabsorption of calcium and low urinary calcium had the highest intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of oxalate. It is concluded that hyperoxaluria in JIB patients is due to a significant extent to hyperabsorption of oxalate.
 ...
PMID:Intestinal absorption of oxalate and calcium in patients with jejunoileal bypass. 259 24

Forty noninstitutionalized elderly subjects, ages 65-86 years, were recruited for a study to determine relationships between nutritional status, physical activity, and blood pressure. A 24-hour recall of dietary intake and activities, health history, skinfolds, circumferences, height, weight, and blood pressure were obtained. Obesity was associated with hypertension in this group of elderly subjects. Truncal skinfolds (abdomen and subscapula) were positively correlated (P less than .05) with systolic blood pressure while body mass index, dietary magnesium and dietary calcium to magnesium ratio were directly related (P less than .05) to diastolic blood pressure. Physical activity and energy expenditure were not correlated (P greater than .05) with blood pressure in this study; however, the level of activity did not include strenuous exercise.
 ...
PMID:Nutrition, physical activity, and blood pressure in the elderly. 263 66

In general, rises in systolic blood pressure to over 200 mm Hg during exercise with a workload of 100W are regarded as pathological. Excessive exercise blood pressure values are to be expected in principle in all hypertensives. However, there are so far no generally accepted criteria for diagnosis of isolated systolic exercise hypertension (with normal values of resting blood pressure). The incidence of isolated systolic exercise hypertension is estimated to be about 10% of a selected population. In patients with excessive rises in blood pressure during exercise who want to engage actively in sport, general measures (reduction of obesity, restriction of alcohol and salt intake) and endurance training should be recommended initially. For endurance training, sporting activities that involve dynamic exercise are to be recommended (walking, running, mountain hiking, cycling, swimming, cross-country skiing). Activities involving isometric exercise (rowing, diving, tennis) and sport of a competitive nature are not suitable. In moderately severe and severe hypertension (diastolic blood pressure values in excess of 105 mm Hg), sporting activities and endurance training are contraindicated. If the exercise blood pressure values cannot be lowered below 220 mm Hg with the general measures mentioned, pharmacotherapy is to be considered. The drugs of choice for suppressing excessive rises in blood pressure during exercise are beta-blockers. In this group, beta 1-blockers are to be preferred to non-selective beta-blockers because of the metabolic neutrality of the former. beta-Blockers without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) lower the blood pressure-pulse rate product more effectively than beta-blockers with ISA. Alternatively, calcium antagonists of the verapamil type and ACE inhibitors can be employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Management of hypertension in actively exercising patients. Implications for drug selection. 264 57

The prevalence of hypertension in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is considerably higher than in the non-diabetic population. Insulin resistance may contribute to this increased prevalence. Abnormal cellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis may link insulin resistance and high blood pressure in patients with NIDDM. Observations of abnormal cellular Ca2+ homeostasis in animal models of NIDDM and obesity as well as in diabetic patients are consistent with this hypothesis. Abnormalities in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis are also found in hypertensive animals and humans. Alterations in cell membrane phospholipid content and distribution may be the primary cause of abnormal plasma membrane Ca2+ fluxes in patients with NIDDM and hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Role of cellular calcium metabolism in abnormal glucose metabolism and diabetic hypertension. 268 14

The relation between socio-economic status and food consumption and nutritional status was investigated in boys aged 10-11 yr (n = 125) who participated in a survey in 1987. Based on the parents' education and profession, boys were categorized in three levels of socio-economic status. In the lower socio-economic category (n = 59) body mass index and skinfold thickness are higher (p less than 0.05) than in the highest category (n = 41) and caries is more prevalent (83% vs 51%). In comparison with both higher groups, dairy products, vegetables and fruit are less frequently used in the lower category, and consumption of protein, calcium and riboflavin is lower (p less than 0.05). These results indicate an increased risk of caries and obesity in the lower socio-economic group. The other differences clearly have an unfavourable tendency, but do not indicate directly increased risk of nutritional deficiencies or nutrition-related diseases in the lower socio-economic group.
 ...
PMID:[Socioeconomic differences in nutrition and nutritional status in 10-11-year-old boys]. 274 21

We have studied the effects of diet-induced obesity on thyroidal calcitonin, plasma calcitonin, calcium and phosphorus in rats. Twelve 9-week-old female rats were randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed a low-fat diet while the other was fed a high-fat diet. Both diets had 0.76% Ca, 0.56% P and 2.2 U/g vitamin D; however, the high-fat diet had hydrogenated vegetable oil added at 405 g/kg. All rats were pair-fed and consumed 11 g/day per rat for 27 weeks at which time the rats were fasted overnight and exsanguinated. The rats on the high-fat diet weighted 406 +/- 21 g (mean +/- SEM) versus 292 +/- 13 g for controls and had higher levels of serum calcitonin (104 +/- 12 versus 57 +/- 9 pg/ml). The obese rats also had increased thyroidal calcitonin by radioimmunoassay and increased thyroidal C-cells by immunohistology. The increased calcitonin levels occurred without a concomitant increase in calcium levels. These data indicate that a high-fat diet in rats stimulates C-cell growth and calcitonin secretion.
 ...
PMID:A high-fat diet increases calcitonin secretion in the rat. 278 30


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>