Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data from 49 men and 48 women included in the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study in Perth, Western Australia, were analyzed. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were positively correlated (p less than 0.01) with urine sodium, creatine, taurine, histidine, and 3-methyl histidine but not with calcium, magnesium, or potassium. SBP was related (p less than 0.01) with body mass index (BMI). Urine nitrogen, creatinine, and amino acids correlated (p less than 0.001) with each other and with urine sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Urine magnesium correlated (p less than 0.001) with urine calcium and potassium; urine calcium was not related significantly to urine sodium or potassium. In backwards multiple regression with data from urine collections, SBP was significantly related only to urine sodium (11.9% of variance explained). If alcohol was included as an independent variable, reducing the number of valid cases because of missing values, both alcohol and urine sodium were significant in regression (19.9% of variance explained). In men, DBP was significantly related to BMI and the ratio of 3-methylhistidine to creatine (23.7% of variance explained). For DBP in women, urine sodium was the only variable needed in regression (58.4% of variance explained). Interpretation must be cautious, because these analyses are based on relatively few cases and on single 24-h urine samples. The data are in keeping with suggestions that obesity, alcohol consumption, a meat diet, and sodium intake are important factors predisposing to elevation of blood pressure.
 ...
PMID:Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison Study: preliminary analysis of data from Western Australia. 170 20

Exogenous obesity is characterized hemodynamically by expanded intravascular (plasma) volume associated with an increased cardiopulmonary volume and cardiac output. In contrast, essential hypertension is related to an increased total peripheral resistance that is more or less uniformly distributed throughout the component organ circulations associated with a contracted plasma volume in proportion to the height of arterial pressure. Thus, both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance are elevated in obesity hypertension, and both impose a load on the left ventricle, resulting in both a volume and a pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy. Although renal vascular resistance is not as increased as it is in lean hypertensive patients, these patients are subjected to hyperfiltration and proteinuria. Additionally, these hemodynamic alterations coexist with carbohydrate intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia. With weight reduction and associated pressure reduction, the hemodynamic and metabolic changes reverse toward normal. However, should this not be achievable, the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonists provide rational physiological approaches to drug therapy. With these agents pressure reduction is achieved through a fall in vascular resistance without intravascular volume expansion, and this is associated with reduced left ventricular mass and preserved cardiac and renal function, and without exacerbation of preexisting metabolic perturbations. Hence, these two classes of antihypertensive agents may provide a rational and physiological means for reversing the pathophysiological alterations of hypertensive disease in those obese patients in whom weight control is not possible.
 ...
PMID:Obesity hypertension. Converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonists. 173 Apr 48

An animal model of postmenopausal bone loss can be defined as a living animal in which spontaneous or induced bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency can be studied, and in which the characteristics of the bone loss and its sequalae resemble those found in postmenopausal women in one or more respects. Although in comparison to humans, the skeletal mass of rats remains stable for a protracted period during their lifespan, rats can be ovariectomized to make them sex-hormone deficient, and to stimulate the accelerated loss of bone that occurs in women following menopause. Ovariectomy induced bone loss in the rat and postmenopausal bone loss share many similar characteristics. These include: increased rate of bone turnover with resorption exceeding formation; and initial rapid phase of bone loss followed by a much slower phase; greater loss of cancellous than cortical bone; decreased intestinal absorption of calcium; some protection against bone loss by obesity; and similar skeletal response to therapy with estrogen, tamoxifen, bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and exercise. These wide-ranging similarities are strong evidence that the ovariectomized rat bone loss model is suitable for studying problems that are relevant to postmenopausal bone loss.
 ...
PMID:The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. 177 31

Gastric exclusion has been introduced as a surgical treatment for morbid obesity. We describe two women who had undergone gastric bypass for obesity with metabolic bone disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In one patient transiliac bone biopsy after double tetracycline labelling demonstrated histologic evidence of hyperparathyroidism with osteitis fibrosa cystica. Six additional women who had undergone gastric exclusion were evaluated. Serum phosphorus, calcium, and creatinine were normal in all but one patient who had hypocalcemia. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was elevated in seven of eight patients and urinary calcium was less than or equal to 2 mmol/d (80 mg/24 h) in 6 patients. Lumbar spine bone mineral density was 86 +/- 7 (mean +/- SE) per cent of predicted and femoral neck bone mineral density was 89 +/- 6 per cent of predicted. Women who have had gastric exclusion for obesity may develop secondary hyperparathyroidism which could result in loss of bone mass.
 ...
PMID:Secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteopenia in women following gastric exclusion surgery for obesity. 179 Apr 6

The content of seven main biometals: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron was studied in the blood serum of patients with alcoholic affection of the liver verified clinically and morphologically. In contrast to literature data, it has been established that the levels of the main elements in the blood serum of patients with alcoholic affections of the liver may be normal, and concentrations of zinc, copper and iron are even elevated. The initial body mass of patients significantly influences the mineral spectrum of the blood serum: the levels of zinc and copper in patients with excessive body mass and obesity were significantly higher than in those with normal body mass. The content of the main elements in the blood serum was not changed in relation to the degree of the liver affection and alimentary therapy.
 ...
PMID:[Effect of diet on serum macroelement levels in patients with alcoholic lesions of the liver]. 179 68

The basic mechanisms that initiate and sustain hypertension in the diabetic population are poorly understood. Obesity, insulin, genetic factors, and abnormalities in calcium homeostasis may contribute, and could be related to an elevated Na+/H+ antiport activity. In the first study described in this investigation, hypertensive subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who had an elevated Na+/Li+ countertransport activity were found to have a lower whole body glucose utilization, a lower insulin-stimulated forearm carbohydrate oxidation, larger ultrasound kidney volume, and increased left ventricular mass index when compared with hypertensive IDDM subjects with a normal Na+/Li+ countertransport activity or normotensive IDDM subjects. Thus an elevated Na+/Li+ countertransport activity appears to identify a subset of IDDM patients who are more susceptible to the development of the renal and cardiac complications associated with hypertension. This underlines the importance of choosing an appropriate antihypertensive therapy that will not produce a deterioration in glucose and lipid metabolism. In the second part of the report, results are presented for the treatment of hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with doxazosin. The selective alpha 1-inhibitor produced a significant reduction in blood pressure, together with favorable changes in the serum lipid profile. As a result, the calculated risk of developing coronary heart disease was significantly reduced. Throughout the study no patients required a dose reduction or discontinuation of doxazosin because of side effects, and no clinically significant changes in laboratory tests were apparent. Thus doxazosin could be considered a useful antihypertensive agent in hypertensive patients with IDDM who are insulin-resistant and who have renal and cardiac abnormalities.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a physiologic basis for a rational therapeutic approach. 182 85

Hypertension and diabetes are common diseases in Westernized civilizations, and in the United States, the frequency of both diseases is increasing as the society ages. Factors contributing to the high prevalence and increasing frequency of these diseases include obesity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, genetic factors, and abnormal cellular handling of calcium and other cations. Obesity is a strong early predictor for the development of hypertension as a person progresses from childhood into adult life. Important factors contributing to obesity-related hypertension likely include enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity and insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Recent evidence has also shown that many nonobese adults with untreated hypertension have insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. This observation strongly suggests that the disease called "hypertension" is characterized by fundamental metabolic abnormalities as well as by hemodynamic abnormalities. Recent observations have shown that impaired cellular responses to insulin are associated with increased vascular smooth muscle contraction. Insulin appears to attenuate the vascular response to both receptor-mediated and voltage-mediated calcium-induced contractions. Thus, insulin resistance, and the resultant reduction in the normal attenuating effect of insulin on vascular smooth muscle responses, appear to be associated with abnormal vascular smooth muscle handling of calcium and with exaggerated vascular contraction.
 ...
PMID:Insulin resistance, carbohydrate metabolism, and hypertension. 183 73

In order to determine the effects of hypoinsulinaemia or hyperinsulinaemia on nephrocalcinosis induced by the interaction between fructose and magnesium (Mg) deficiency, we compared kidney calcification in obese versus lean, and non-diabetic versus diabetic female Zucker rats fed a magnesium-deficient fructose diet. One half of the obese and lean animals, respectively, was injected with streptozotocin to produce diabetes, and the other half was injected with citrate buffer alone. Diabetic, non-diabetic, obese, and lean animals were divided into two dietary groups, consisting of high starch or high fructose without added Mg. After a four week period, 24 hour urine was collected for urinary output, protein, oxalate, citrate, MG, and calcium (Ca) measurements. The animals were then decapitated, and blood was collected for glucose, Mg, and Ca determinations, and kidneys were removed to determine their Mg and Ca contents. All fructose-fed animals exhibited significantly more kidney Ca then the starch-fed animals. Lean non-diabetic rats fed fructose showed the greatest kidney Ca along with the greatest urinary protein excretion among all experimental groups. The significant finding in the present study is that diabetes or obesity reduced nephrocalcinosis regardless of the insulin status of the rats. Diuresis and hypercitraturia in diabetic and/or obese animals may cause a reduction in nephrocalcinosis induced by the interaction between fructose and magnesium deficiency. Hyperproteinuria (uromucoid) in combination with hypercalciuria and hypomagnesuria may be responsible for greater nephrocalcinosis in the fructose than the starch group. The possible mechanisms for this interaction on nephrocalcinosis have been discussed.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of renal calcium concentration in obese, lean, diabetic, and non-diabetic Zucker rats fed a magnesium-deficient fructose diet. 183 14

The dietary habits of 1265 men and 1309 women aged 35-64 years were assessed by food frequencies and 24-h recall. The consumption of fat was high relative to Recommended Dietary Allowances (mean 137% of RDA in the diet of men and 108% in women). The diet was deficient in carbohydrates (80 and 67% respectively), calcium (81 and 64%), vitamin A (84% for both sexes), vitamin B1 (91 and 74%), and vitamin C (41 and 30%). Energy, protein, dietary fibre, iron and vitamin B2 were at the RDA or exceeded it in the men's diet but were insufficient in the women's diet. Fat accounted for 38.5% (men) and 37.7% (women) of energy, with 15.8% of the energy derived from saturated fatty acids and 4.2% from polyunsaturates. The amount of cholesterol consumed was 641 and 452 mg, respectively. This type of diet may contribute to increased incidence of ischaemic heart disease. Only three meals a day were taken by over 83% of the respondents, with over 5-h intervals between meals which may, in addition, contribute to obesity.
 ...
PMID:Dietary habits of the middle-aged Warsaw population in 1984 relative to nutritional guidelines. 185 Feb 24

Data suggest a critical role for Ca metabolism in the pathophysiology of hypertensive disease. Intracellularly, all hypertension displays elevated cytosolic free-Ca2+ and suppressed free-Mg2+ levels. Extracellularly, however, heterogeneous defects in Ca and Mg metabolism are observed. This apparent divergence may be explained by considering all hypertension as the expression, in varying degrees, of two underlying Ca-related mechanisms: one (salt sensitive, low renin, Ca(2+)-antagonist sensitive) dependent on inappropriate cellular Ca2+ uptake from the extracellular space and the other (salt insensitive, renin dependent, Ca(2+)-antagonist insensitive) dependent on increased cellular Ca2+ release from intracellular sites. Recent work highlights the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the newly described parathyroid hypertensive factor in volume-dependent low-renin forms of hypertension. Altered cellular ion handling may also explain metabolic and clinical correlates of hypertension, e.g., peripheral insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Thus, all subjects with NIDDM, whether hypertensive or not, display the same elevated cytosolic free-Ca2+ and suppressed free-Mg2+ levels observed in hypertension. Furthermore, adiposity, the level of blood pressure, and fasting and postglucose hyperinsulinemia are all closely and quantitatively related to intracellular free-Ca2+, free-Mg2+, and pH levels. This suggests a broader hypothesis, in which hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, and NIDDM, each usually considered a distinct clinical entity, represent different clinical expressions of a common defect in cellular ion handling, hence explaining their frequent clinical coexistence in the general population.
 ...
PMID:Calcium metabolism in hypertension and allied metabolic disorders. 186 22


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>