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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum zinc, albumin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, calcium, and magnesium were measured in 39 jejuno-ileal shunt-operated patients. The binding of serum zinc to albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were calculated. The results demonstrate that the patients as a group had a highly significant hypozincaemia (P less than 0.001), caused by a reduction of the albumin-bound serum zinc (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, the patients showed hypocalcaemia (P less than 0.001) and hypomagnesaemia (P less than 0.001). The findings indicate that patients with jejuno-ileal bypass for gross obesity develop deficiency of the divalent cations.
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PMID:Hypozincaemia after jejuno-ileal bypass. 9 74

During the 68 years since it was founded, 548 publications have appeared from the Department of Physiology of the University of Cape Town, which has at different times included subdepartments of pharmacology and of medical biochemistry. The main fields of physiological research have been electrophysiology of the heart and of nerves, calcium metabolism (especially of teeth), endocrinology (especially of sex hormones), phonocardiography, bile secretion, exercise physiology (especially tests of physical fitness), measurement of obesity, renal physiology (especially membrane transport of sodium) and neurophysiology. Work continues in some of these fields.
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PMID:Highlights of physiological research at the University of Cape Town, 1912-1978. 11 59

Perimenopausal and postmenopausal substitutive estrogen treatment is valuable if prescribed according to proper indications and in the proper manner. Studies have shown a correlation between menopausal estrogen treatment and endometrial cancer. Siiteri hypothesized that estrone was the estrogen with a specific carcinogenic effect. A study undertaken in California indicates, however, that conjugated estrogens are associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer. There is also strong indications that certain factors predispose a woman to endometrial cancer during menopausal estrogen treatment: obesity, the Stein-Leventhal syndrone, the Turner syndrome, hirsuitism caused by increased androgen activity, and family history of endometrial cancer. Menopausal estrogen treatment is prescribed in cases of menstrual disturbances, neurovegetative or vaso-motor disturbances, psychological disturbances, atrophy of the urogenital tract, or cases of calcium or fat metabolism disturbances which could lead to osteoporosis or arteriosclerosis.
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PMID:[Estrogen substitution and endometrial carcinoma]. 21 33

The prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical occlusive arterial disease and of risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis was assessed in 21 patients with chronic renal failure, 27 on maintenance haemodialysis and 51 renal allograft recipients. Clinical occlusive arterial disease was present in 27 patients, and sub-clinical arterial disease in 34. Myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis and lower limb arterial thrombosis had occurred only in the transplant recipients; these patients had, however, been followed for a longer period of time than the other two groups. In the allograft recipients, the cumulative incidence of any occlusive arterial disease was 416 per 1000, and that of coronary heart disease was 267 per 1000 at six years. Hypertension was present in 76 per cent of patients prior to renal replacement therapy. Following institution of definitive therapy, hypertension was of shorter duration and less common in haemodialysis patients than in renal transplant recipients. Uraemic and haemodialysis patients with occlusive arterial disease had required antihypertensive medication for significantly longer than those free of arterial disease. Transplant recipients with hypertension had a greater mean serum creatinine, were receiving a larger maintenance dosage of corticosteroids and less frequently had undergone prior bilateral nephrectomy than those transplant patients without hypertension. Serum lipid levels were elevated in 62 per cent of patients. In the uraemic and haemodialysis patients hypertriglyceridaemia was the predominant abnormality while in the transplant recipients combined hypertriglyceridaemia/hypercholesterolaemia was more frequent. Despite regular aluminium hydroxide therapy 81 per cent of uraemic and haemodialysis patients had a calcium X phosphate product higher than normal. Arterial and/or soft tissue calcification as demonstrable in 20-38 per cent of patients within each group, but could not be related to the calcium X phosphate product of radiographic evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Glucose intolerance was present in 71 per cent of the uraemic and haemodialysis patients and 33 per cent of the transplant recipients. Hyperuricaemia, cigarette smoking, obesity and a sedentary existence were also prevalent. The majority of patients had several risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Occlusive arterial disease is a major problem in patients with end stage renal disease, being no less common after transplantation than with long-term maintenance dialysis. The aetiology is multifactorial.
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PMID:Occlusive arterial disease in uraemic and haemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. A study of the incidence of arterial disease and of the prevalence of risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. 32 93

Five years following jejunoileal intestinal bypass surgery for obesity, a patient developed debilitating weakness and muscle pain. Osteomalacia was suspected clinically by radiographic and laboratory abnormalities and confirmed by bone biopsy. Malabsorption was documented as well as secondary hyperparathyroidism. Successful treatment of this syndrome with vitamin D and calcium identified a medically reversible disorder which obviated the need for surgical reanastomosis.
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PMID:Osteomalacia and weakness complicating jejunoileal bypass. 43 11

Calcium absorption was studied in 23 patients before and one year after intestinal shunt operation for obesity. It decreased from 23 to 12% (p less than 0.02) after surgery, when the jejunum/ileum ratio was 36cm/12cm [type I], and only from 19 to 16% (p greater than 0.05), when the ratio was 12cm/36cm [type III]. It is suggested that the difference is due to variation in absorptive surface in the distal half of the small intestine and to a minor degree to change in external pancreatic function, bile acid metabolism, and fat digestion. Bone mineral content was lower in 37 obese than in normal subjects and underwent only minor changes (p greater than 0.01) 3 and 12 months after surgery, possible because of postoperative daily calcium and vitamin-D substitution.
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PMID:Calcium malabsorption and absence of bone decalcination following intestinal shunt operation for obesity. A comparison of two types of operation. 63 50

Nutrient requirements do not change markedly with advancing age, but life style, socioeconomic status, psychologic changes, and the presence of chronic disease alter nutrient intake in the elderly. It is important to recognize and deal with these factors in attempting to correct malnutrition and in prescribing dietary treatment. Malnutrition includes a variety of disorders: undernutrition, nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and obesity. Frequent small feedings, with nutritional supplements for patients with profound weight loss, are the initial treatment for undernutrition. Iron supplements and a diet of foods rich in iron and in promoting iron absorption are required in treating iron deficiency anemia. Management of macrocytic anemia should include specific nutrient therapy plus improvement of diet to include leafy vegetables and animal foodstuffs. Diet is an important adjunct in treating chronic diseases. Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus often can be managed by diet alone, with attention to correct proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein and to the decreased caloric requirements of elderly patients. The importance of continuing dietary modifications in hyperlipidemia and hypertension is well known. Although dietary manipulation in osteoporosis is not curative, a diet high in calcium and containing adequate floride and vitamin D affords maximum dietary protection against progress of the disease.
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PMID:Guidelines for maintaining adequate nutrition in old age. 64 78

This longitudinal study of children from six months to six years of age showed differences by age, sex, and race in dietary intakes, eating patterns, and anthropometric measurements. Except for calories and iron at all ages and calcium between two and four years, most children consumed at least two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Dietary protein was consistently high at all ages. There was no apparent relationship between the use and need for vitamin or mineral supplements. At six years of age, most children ate five meals or snacks per day. Television commercials, children accompanying mothers to grocery stores, and the publicized relationships of dietary fat and cholesterol to coronary disease influenced food practices of families. Anthropometric measurements revealed that boys were consistently taller and heavier than girls. However, at all ages, even at six months, girls had higher skinfold values than boys. These data on dietary intakes, eating practices, and anthropometric measurements will be correlated with obesity indexes at each age in subsequent papers.
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PMID:Environmental factors associated with preschool obesity. III. Dietary intakes, eating patterns, and anthropometric measurements. 67 Jun 12

Issuing from the present state of the influence of the basic nutritive substances (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and various nutritive factors discussed again and again (cholesterol, erucaic acid, sodium, calcium/magnesium quotient, pressor amines) on the development of the arteriosclerosis, the indididual factors of influence are critically evaluated. The investigations are getting under way, so that ascertained results are standing beside insufficiently claified or open problems, From the abundance of the observations conclusions are drawn which are of significance for practice. Unfavourable influences of nutrition on the factors of risk (hyperlipoproteinaemia, disturbance of the carbohydrate tolerance, hyperuricaemia, hyperalimentation) and on the manifest diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, uric arthritis, obesity) of the metabolic syndrome which finally contribute to the development of arteriosclerosis are emphasized. In front of this background a clinically and ambulatorily tested basic metabolic diet is described. About 20% of the energy content (kcal or kJ) of this diet are protein, 35% fat and 45% are carbohydrates. The saturated fatty acids lie below 30%, the manifold saturated fatty acids, however, above 20% of the total fat proportion. The cholesterol content is below 400 mg, the purin-nitrogen below 200 mg, and the sodium content is about 2g per day. This diet can be produced for the treatment of persons with normal weight and overweight in different energetic degradations.
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PMID:[Nutrition and arteriosclerosis]. 70

Behavioral modification holds promise of being an effective mode of therapy for obesity. It focuses on changing clients' eating habits and does not always include specific dietary guidance. This study was conducted to learn whether such behavior modification training results in the adoption of nutritionally sound dietary patterns. Originally, the diets of fifteen individuals met two-thirds of all Recommended Dietary Allowances. After a twenty-week program, the only nutrients below this level were iron, thiamin, and calcium. Other changes involved an increase in nutrient density for protein, fiber, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, and cholesterol. Nutrient density for carbohydrates, fat, and calcium decreased.
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PMID:Changes in nutrient intake during a behavioral weight control program. 76 58


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