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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of obesity and age on copper, iron, zinc, sodium, potassium, and protein were compared in liver, kidney, brain, and muscle of obese (fa/fa) and nonobese (non-fa/fa) male Zucker rats. Blood plasma cerulopasmin, copper, zinc, sodium, and potassium were also determined. Mean brain weight of fa/fa rats was less than that of non-fa/fa rats at 12 weeks of age; mean brain protein concentration was greater in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa at 5 and 12 weeks of age. At 18-19 days of age, mean sodium concentration (mg/g protein) in liver of fa/fa was less than that of non-fa/fa. At 5 weeks of age, mean copper concentration (microgram/g protein) in kidney was greater in fa/fa. Mean total copper, iron, zinc, sodium, and potassium in liver and kidney were greater in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa at 5 weeks because of the larger livers and kidneys of fa/fa. Mean concentrations of copper, zinc, sodium, and potassium per gram of brain protein were slightly (6-10%) less in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa at 5 weeks. By 12 weeks, mean concentrations of copper in liver, kidney, (tibialis) muscle, and blood plasma, ceruloplasmin in blood plasma, zinc in liver and muscle, iron in muscle, and sodium in liver were greater in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa. However, total amount of each mineral in muscle at 12 weeks was less in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa because of the smaller mean muscle weight of fa/fa. Mean concentrations of copper and zinc in brain and of iron in liver and brain were less in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa at 12 weeks. The major age-related changes in fa/fa that were not observed in non-fa/fa were large increases in liver and kidney copper between 5 and 12 weeks of age. It seems that the abnormal mineral metabolism is a consequence of the obesity, but the mechanisms are not identified.
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PMID:Developmental changes of selected minerals in Zucker rats. 319 37

Women 35 years old must choose their contraceptive method by balancing between an acceptable failure rate and manageable side effects. In Birmingham, England, 1985 data show that among those women 35 years old, 28.8% chose oral contraceptives (OCs), 38% IUDs, 31.1% barrier methods, and 2.1% other methods. The incidence of irregular menstrual cycles, luteal phase deficiency, and short cycles increases with age. On the other hand, the frequency of intercourse declines with age thereby reducing fertility. These and other factors increase couples' anxiety about pregnancy as they grow older therefore establishing a need for adequate and informed counseling concerning all available contraceptive methods. Any counseling on choice or change of method should start before age 35 to allow the couples to make a logical choice based on their needs. Individuals must 1st consider the risk factors of combined OCs, especially smoking, obesity, and family history of cardiovascular diseases, before agreeing to use them. Progestogen only OCs provide a safer alternative. The IUD provides effective protection from pregnancy with minimal side effects, particularly copper IUDs. The death rate/year for IUDs for women 35-39 years old is 2/100,000 compared to 13.4 for smoking OC users, 4.5 for nonsmoking OC users, 5 for users of barrier methods, and 20.8 for women using no method at all. Since fertility declines with age, many women may choose barrier methods, but must realize that the chance of conception is higher than for the other methods and therefore must consider postcoital contraception or abortion. Sterilization is a popular contraceptive method for these women, but they should receive adequate counseling before the operation.
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PMID:Contraception for the woman aged 35 yr and over. 323 15

The zinc and copper content in serum as well as glucose and insulin was determined in 140 diabetics and compared with the results obtained from 162 healthy patients. Their mean values are significantly different. Each group was classified accordingly to the presence or not of overweight (greater than 15% relative body weight). The correlations (Pearson. Anova) between the different parameters in each group were studied. Healthy group showed a negative correlationship between the zinc and insulin levels and between the latter and the copper level, and a positive one between copper and every other parameter. Obesity only affected the zinc levels in diabetics and increased them in a statistically significant way. In this group, the copper level showed a positive correlation with the zinc level and the latter with the glucose. Owing to these results zinc and copper levels seem to be directly correlated and in diabetic patients these levels are increased mainly in the case of obesity. In healthy patients zinc levels are correlated with serum insulin, and in the diabetic groups with serum glucose.
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PMID:[Levels of Zn and Cu in the serum of a diabetic population]. 332 Dec 54

Malnutrition is the most common cause of acquired immune dysfunction worldwide. Nutritional deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances influence specific components of the immune system. The severity of immunological impairment depends upon the extent and nature of undernutrition, the presence of infection, and the age of onset of nutritional deprivation. Profound immunological changes occur in children with marasmus and kwashiorkor as well as in deficiencies of vitamins A, E, B6, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium. On the other hand, obesity and excessive intake of several vitamins, minerals, cholesterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids also impair immunocompetence. These epidemiological observations and immunological phenomena are of practical significance in clinical practice.
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PMID:Golan memorial lecture. Nutritional regulation of immunity and infection: from epidemiology to phenomenology to clinical practice. 354 Feb 55

The concentrations (micrograms/gram dry wt) of four essential trace metals in various tissues from C57BL/6J lean (+/?) and obese (ob/ob) mice were determined. Lower concentrations of zinc were found in liver, femur, small intestine and muscle from obese mice than in those from lean mice at 22 wk of age. The concentrations of copper in liver, femur, small intestine, muscle and testes, iron in liver, femur, muscle and plasma, and manganese in liver, femur and small intestine from adult obese mice were also significantly below the concentrations present in tissues from age-matched lean mice. Hepatic concentrations of zinc, copper and manganese in obese mice were also lower than those in lean mice when the different amounts of neutral lipid in obese and lean liver were considered. In contrast with the trend towards lower concentrations of trace metals in tissues from adult obese mice, plasma zinc and copper levels and ceruloplasmin activity were higher in adult obese mice than in lean controls. The effect of genetic obesity on tissue trace metals concentrations was similar in male and female mice. Several tissues from young (5-6 wk of age) obese mice also had lower concentrations of the trace metals than age-matched lean mice, although the differences were not as great as in adults. These data demonstrate that chronic obesity in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse is associated with lower concentrations, but not necessarily lower total quantities, of several inorganic micronutrients in tissues. The possibility tht chronic obesity alters the nutritional requirements for these trace metals is discussed.
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PMID:Influence of genetic obesity on tissue concentrations of zinc, copper, manganese and iron in mice. 376 Oct

Iron, copper and zinc levels in serum and urine of obese patients are studied. Hyperzincurie, hypocuprurie, hypozinquemie, and hypercupremie are observed in the studied groups, in relation to normal controls. There are serious disturbances in the metabolism of the cited oligoelements. The diet has no influence on the observed values. The iron metabolism does not show marked alterations in the case of obesity.
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PMID:[Changes in the metabolism of iron, copper and zinc in obesity]. 714 70

In this review, which only partially covers the data available, it is pointed out that the evaluation of the results of jejunoileostomy may depend upon the criteria used by the observers, and disclosure of the true effects of the operation may depend upon the long-term follow-up of the patients. With increasing length of observation, it has become apparent that problems such as vitamin D deficiency, renal stone formation, continued steatorrhea, gallstones, zinc and copper deficiency, and even renal failure may be seen with disturbing frequency. Some of these may be preventable, others may be correctable and, indeed, the overall incidence of genuinely severe problems may, in the long run, be sufficiently low so as to make the benefits of jejunoileostomy outweigh the hazards. The rate of patient satisfaction is high, quality of life is generally improved and psychosocial and economic benefits of jejunoileostomy are apparent. The operation may also be a better alternative than the physical hazards of continuing obesity. Whether or not gastric bypass represents a true improvement over jejunoileostomy will depend upon the conclusions reached after applying to it the same searching scrutiny that is being used to examine the long-term results of jejunoileostomy.
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PMID:Assessment of jejunoileostomy for obesity--some observations since 1976. 735 16

Jejunoileostomy has been performed for several years in extreme obesity and leads to a decrease of several microelements in blood serum. Mainly zinc, copper, and calcium are concerned. But the increasing adaptation of the active parts of the short bowel within a few months is followed by extensive normalization of the other disturbances after jejunoileostomy. As our experience shows, microelements have to be controlled and substituted after jejunoileostomy for at least 2 years, and in some cases we had to go on even after this time.
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PMID:[Concentration of the trace elements after jejunoileostomy in extreme obesity (author's transl)]. 738 61

A set of new guidelines were formulated by an expert group meeting in Sweden organized by the pharmaceutical office during March 31-April 1, 1993. It contains various methods to avoid an undesired pregnancy and also advice about postcoital contraception. Among barrier methods, the condom is the only reversible method for men with a method failure of 2 and user failure of 10. It protects against gonorrhea, chlamydia, condyloma, herpes simplex, HIV, and hepatitis B. The diaphragm can be used with a spermicide and protects to a lesser degree against chlamydia, gonorrhea, and cervical cancer. The female condom is as effective as the condom. Among spermicides, nonoxynol-9 is not only effective against sperms but also against bacteria, viruses, and certain vaginal and cervical cells. The vaginal sponge is impregnated with nonoxynol-9 and is effective up to 24 hours. The copper IUD, with a method failure of less than 1, can cause profuse menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and endometritis-salpingitis. Hormonal methods include combination pills (2-phase and 3-phase pills) and gestagen methods (high dose with 150 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate injection every 3 months and low-dose minipills with levonorgestrel, norethisterone, or lynestrol). Mechanisms of action concern combination pills, gestagen methods, minipills, Norplant, and Levonova. Drug cross reaction can reduce effectiveness. Side effects include bleeding and amenorrhea. Risk-benefit determination is based on health effects. Possible risks are associated with breast cancer, cervical cancer, blood pressure increase, venous thromboembolism, and heart infarction. Various phases of the reproductive age include young women, lactating women, and women in the later part of the reproductive age. Special groups include those who have experienced ectopic pregnancy, infections (candida, sexually transmitted diseases: chlamydia trachomatis, HIV infections), obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, tumors of the reproductive organs, liver diseases, migraine, epilepsy, surgery, and handicapped women. Postcoital contraception is used only in need, and methods for postcoital contraception include hormonal method and the copper IUD.
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PMID:[Contraception. Recommendations from a group of experts]. 790 65

The balances and content of essential elements (iron, copper, zinc, chromium and manganese) in the body of Wistar, Zucker lean and Zucker obese rats fed a reference or cafeteria diet from day 30 to 60 after birth have been studied. Intestinal iron absorption compensated for low iron content of the cafeteria diet and the extra needs of growth and fat deposition. It can be assumed that the altered energy regulation processes that afflict the genetically obese rat are not directly related to altered iron metabolism. Obese Zucker rats had lower copper tissue concentrations than lean rats, but when fed a cafeteria diet the differences between Zucker rats strains disappear. This cannot be traced to large differences in diet copper concentration. A low diet availability of zinc--such as that of cafeteria-fed fa/fa rats--is easily compensated for by increasing absorption. So, as a consequence, we can conclude that genetic obesity did not impair zinc absorption. There was no deficit of zinc in any of the groups studied; the rats have enough capacity to extract zinc within a wide range of dietary concentrations. The absorption of dietary chromium was inversely proportional to its concentration. The ability to extract chromium from the diet and the very low urinary losses are a consequence of its scarcity in most dietary items. Despite wide variations in the manganese of the diets, the absorption rates were practically unchanged except for obese rats fed the cafeteria diet. It seems that this low absorptive capacity is enough to supply the rat with the manganese it needs, since a sizeable--but subjected to 8-fold-span variations--proportion is lost in the urine. This alone points towards a considerable excess of manganese in both diets studied. Obesity does not have a significant effect on the abilities to absorb and retain minerals, since these processes were more related to dietary availability. Management of essential metals by obese rats depends whether this condition is genetic or induced by diet. Most of the differences observed can be related to differences in diet concentration, to the excess fat content or different metabolic attitude to use substrates of obese animals. The data presented show that the cafeteria diet used adequately serves the mineral needs of the rat, since the rat adapts its absorbing and retaining strategies to match the dietary availability of these minerals.
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PMID:Management of dietary essential metals (iron, copper, zinc, chromium and manganese) by Wistar and Zucker obese rats fed a self-selected high-energy diet. 814 13


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