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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two years after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery for obesity, a 25-year-old man developed intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The patient's erythrocytes were coated with complement components (C4/C3) and his serum induced complement-dependent immune lysis of chromium-51-labeled platelets. Serum [125I]-C1q binding activity (a measure of the presence of immune complexes) was increased, and serum C4 and C3 hemolytic titers were depressed. Immune complex-mediated complement activation apparently accounted for the blood cell destruction in this patient.
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PMID:Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and circulating immune complexes after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery. 85 5

Trace metals are known to have important effects on the activity of metalloenzymes and insulin secretion and to be involved in the etiology of various diseases. This study was designed to investigate the distribution and concentration of selected trace metals in the tissues of genetically obese mice, which were known to have hyperinsulinemia. Different phenotypes (ob/ob; +/?) and sexes of 4, 8, 12 week-old mice were killed by decapitation. Metal levels (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr) in the brain, liver, serum, hair and carcass were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that obese mice had lower concentrations of zinc in the serum, hair, liver and carcass than lean controls (p less than 0.05), but there was no difference in the brain. Obese mice also had a low carcass cadmium concentration (p less than 0.01), which depended on the sex-age interaction. When expressed in terms of total content, obese mice had higher total liver zinc and carcass chromium contents (p less than 0.05). Obese mice had a higher total carcass copper content at 8 weeks of age. Serum and carcass zinc were showed to be inversely related to body fat in obese mice. The results indicate that zinc may play a special role in thermoregulation and fat metabolism in the liver of obese mice. The tissue distribution and absorption of zinc may have an important correlation in the development of obesity. The roles of copper, cadmium and chromium are still obscure, the related regulations are still open for further questions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Investigation of the profile of selected trace metals in genetically obese (ob/ob) and lean (+/?) mice]. 135 9

To reveal cardiovascular abnormalities, a screening was made in Tuva, which covered 1481 nomadic stock breeders, 1041 settled natives and 1081 migrants. The incidence of arterial hypertension (AH) was 33.5% among the nomadic stock breeders and 17.2% among the settled Tuva habitants and migrants. No impact of obesity and dyslipoproteinemia on the incidence of AH was found in the nomadic stock breeders. There was a direct correlation between the incidence of AH and alcoholization and an inverse correlation between its incidence and smoking in nomadic stock breeders aged 50-59 years. The hairs from the nomadic stock breeders exhibited elevated levels of aluminium, chromium, manganese, iron, and vanadium, which is not attributable to higher levels of these compounds in the meat of domestic animals.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of arterial hypertension and various characteristics of mineral metabolism among nomadic stock breeders in Tuva]. 181 43

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of obesity on the plasma chromium profile and excretion after a glucose challenge in control subjects and noninsulin-dependent (NIDD) and insulin-dependent diabetics (IDD). All subjects were given 75 g glucose orally; serial blood and urine samples were collected for Cr analysis. Lean control subjects had significantly lower plasma Cr and insulin values than did obese control subjects at all times except zero (1 h, 12.69 +/- 6.73 vs 22.31 +/- 13.27 nmol/L, p less than 0.020). No significant differences were seen between lean and obese NIDDs and IDDs. NIDDs taking drugs had higher Cr values than did lean control subjects (13.08 +/- 0.58 vs 22.31 +/- 5.00 nmol/L, p less than 0.02). Cr concentration of oral drugs was 22.4 ng/tablet and of the soluble insulins was 0.012 +/- .003 ng/U. The lean IDDs excreted higher levels of Cr than did the control subjects; however, Cr excretion within individual groups was not found to be significantly different. The results suggest Cr metabolism is influenced by BMI in control subjects but not in diabetics.
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PMID:Circulating and excreted levels of chromium after an oral glucose challenge: influence of body mass index, hypoglycemic drugs, and presence and absence of diabetes mellitus. 264 98

The virtual freedom from obesity enjoyed by many primitive societies may be traceable to the low fat content of their traditional diets. Recent studies indicate that humans have a very limited capacity for de novo lipogenesis from dietary carbohydrate; this implies that it should be easy to achieve negative fat balance if dietary fat intake is kept low and fat oxidation is promoted by regular exercise. Overfeeding with carbohydrate--but not with fat--provokes an insulin-mediated thermogenesis which acts to retard weight gain. Low-fat starchy foods have a relatively low caloric density, resulting in lower caloric consumption with meals. Once absorbed, carbohydrate has greater satiety value than fat. These considerations suggest that avoidance of dietary fat may be a more successful approach to weight control than "calorie counting". The efficacy of low-fat diets may be promoted by supplementary carnitine, which stimulates fat oxidation, and by chromium, which aids insulin-mediated thermogenesis. An unrefined low-fat diet, eaten to satiety and accompanied by regular exercise, may be the ideal means of maintaining a trim figure throughout life while minimizing one's risk for "Western" degenerative diseases.
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PMID:The unique merits of a low-fat diet for weight control. 363 18

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is constant per cell in diploid tissues and in polyploid tissues the DNA content and the cytoplasm increase commensurately. In muscle the DNA unit (protein/DNA) was described on the assumption that each nucleus has jurisdiction over a certain volume of cytoplasm. Such an approach allows a sensible interpretation of metabolic data. Since 66-70% of nuclei are within myofibres muscle represents a reasonably homogeneous tissue. A brief historical review is made concerning the use of DNA as a cell constant. The application of this knowledge to normal human somatic growth and to disease states is considered as well as reduced nutrition and overnutrition. The consequences of reduced nutrition as it related to brain growth are briefly mentioned as is our 7 year study on the fetal primate (Macaca mulatta). Attention is focussed on our work in the early 1960's concerning the role of insulin and growth hormone on the DNA unit. In the last decade this work culminated in the close study of the Little Mouse with isolated growth hormone deficiency--thus exposing the panhypopituitary model (the human pituitary dwarf, Snell Smith mouse or hypophysectomised rat) as non-optimal models. The findings indicate that growth hormone is indeed related to cell replication and insulin to cytoplasmic growth in the postnatal period but the role of other hormones is clearly important, augmenting or opposing these hormones. The concept of constant change of the DNA unit not only applies to major tissues such as muscle but to the study of kidney growth when the contralateral kidney is removed (renal compensatory growth). Species differences are noted in the pattern of cell growth in muscle, but emphasis is placed on cell replication rather than on cytoplasmic growth in the primate. Restriction of protein energy metabolism mainly affects cytoplasmic growth of muscle but restoration of growth to expected levels is the rule. Overnutrition and obesity relate to excessive growth of DNA units in number rather than size. Attention is drawn to factors other than calories, proteins and hormones that influence hormonal actions viz. trace metals such as zinc, chromium and vanadium. The cell mass of the body can readily be reached by relatively non-invasive methods and by monitoring the intracellular water. Muscle mass can be precisely measured by creatinine excretion. The cell mass of muscle constitutes 70% of the entire cell mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The control of cell mass and replication. The DNA unit--a personal 20-year study. 391 56

Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF) is synthesized in vivo from absorbed dietary chromium, and acts as a physiological enhancer of insulin activity, binding to insulin and potentiating its action about three-fold. Since GTF is well absorbed orally, the development of sufficiently concentrated and stable supplementary sources of this agent may enable convenient and physiologically appropriate pharmacological modulation of insulin activity. A review of the numerous physiological actions of insulin suggests a number of therapeutic applications for GTF, in such diverse ailments as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, reactive hypoglycemia, obesity, cancer, protein malnutrition or malabsorption, endogenous depression, Parkinsonism, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. GTF supplementation may also have value in preventive medicine.
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PMID:The therapeutic potential of glucose tolerance factor. 700 27

The balances and content of essential elements (iron, copper, zinc, chromium and manganese) in the body of Wistar, Zucker lean and Zucker obese rats fed a reference or cafeteria diet from day 30 to 60 after birth have been studied. Intestinal iron absorption compensated for low iron content of the cafeteria diet and the extra needs of growth and fat deposition. It can be assumed that the altered energy regulation processes that afflict the genetically obese rat are not directly related to altered iron metabolism. Obese Zucker rats had lower copper tissue concentrations than lean rats, but when fed a cafeteria diet the differences between Zucker rats strains disappear. This cannot be traced to large differences in diet copper concentration. A low diet availability of zinc--such as that of cafeteria-fed fa/fa rats--is easily compensated for by increasing absorption. So, as a consequence, we can conclude that genetic obesity did not impair zinc absorption. There was no deficit of zinc in any of the groups studied; the rats have enough capacity to extract zinc within a wide range of dietary concentrations. The absorption of dietary chromium was inversely proportional to its concentration. The ability to extract chromium from the diet and the very low urinary losses are a consequence of its scarcity in most dietary items. Despite wide variations in the manganese of the diets, the absorption rates were practically unchanged except for obese rats fed the cafeteria diet. It seems that this low absorptive capacity is enough to supply the rat with the manganese it needs, since a sizeable--but subjected to 8-fold-span variations--proportion is lost in the urine. This alone points towards a considerable excess of manganese in both diets studied. Obesity does not have a significant effect on the abilities to absorb and retain minerals, since these processes were more related to dietary availability. Management of essential metals by obese rats depends whether this condition is genetic or induced by diet. Most of the differences observed can be related to differences in diet concentration, to the excess fat content or different metabolic attitude to use substrates of obese animals. The data presented show that the cafeteria diet used adequately serves the mineral needs of the rat, since the rat adapts its absorbing and retaining strategies to match the dietary availability of these minerals.
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PMID:Management of dietary essential metals (iron, copper, zinc, chromium and manganese) by Wistar and Zucker obese rats fed a self-selected high-energy diet. 814 13

Mexican Americans appear to have a strong genetic predisposition to insulin resistance, android obesity, and type II diabetes, apparently as a function of Native American genetic heritage. Theoretical considerations suggest that insulin resistance may be a primary factor that plays a causative role in the induction of both obesity and diabetes. Measures which promote optimal insulin sensitivity--chromium picolinate, brewer's yeast, soluble fiber supplements, metformin, very-low-fat diet, exercise training--may have value for preventing, treating, or retarding the onset of obesity and diabetes, and merit clinical evaluation in this regard. Correction of insulin resistance may also lessen cardiovascular risk, in part by reducing LDL cholesterol and improving risk factors associated with Syndrome X. These comments are likely to be valid for other Native American groups at high risk for diabetes.
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PMID:Insulin resistance in Mexican Americans--a precursor to obesity and diabetes? 828 93

We propose the term Profactor-H for chronic elevated circulating insulin. Profactor-H is common in atherosclerosis, essential hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, some forms of obesity, some forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and some forms of stroke. Profactor-H appears to be the central pathophysiologic consideration in the etiology of many diseases and health risk factors. Profactor-H's impact depends on genetic predisposition, frequency consumption of refined simple and complex carbohydrates, deficiency in dietary chromium, sedentary life style and stresses of modern day living. In many obese individuals, Profactor-H disturbs metabolic balance, favoring anabolic metabolism, and is exacerbated through chronic insulin production and impairment of insulin action. This vicious cycle also appears to be common in many apparently healthy, non-obese individuals destined to develop health risks and diseases in response to long-term adverse consequences of Profactor-H. We believe that a four-pronged program which 1) reduces the daily frequency of carbohydrate consumption, particularly refined foods and simple sugars, 2) supplements the daily dietary intake of chromium, 3) encourages activity, and 4) reduces stress, will minimize the impact of Profactor-H and thereby reduce health risks and result in improved health.
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PMID:Profactor-H (elevated circulating insulin): the link to health risk factors and diseases of civilization. 857 92


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