Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Surveys of Aleuts on St. Paul Island, Alaska, in 1966 and 1976 found a prevalence of hypertension as high as any reported in the United States. The rate remained high over the 10-year period. Preliminary data from other Aleut villages on the Aleutian Chain indicate that a high prevalence of hypertension may be widespread in this region. Etiologically genetic factors, obesity, and a high salt intake are all present. In addition, an exceedingly high level of cadmium content was found in seal livers, a dietary staple. Isolated locations such as St. Paul provide natural laboratories for possibly elucidating the complex etiology of this disease.
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PMID:Hypertension among Aleuts. 46 66

Trace metals are known to have important effects on the activity of metalloenzymes and insulin secretion and to be involved in the etiology of various diseases. This study was designed to investigate the distribution and concentration of selected trace metals in the tissues of genetically obese mice, which were known to have hyperinsulinemia. Different phenotypes (ob/ob; +/?) and sexes of 4, 8, 12 week-old mice were killed by decapitation. Metal levels (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr) in the brain, liver, serum, hair and carcass were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that obese mice had lower concentrations of zinc in the serum, hair, liver and carcass than lean controls (p less than 0.05), but there was no difference in the brain. Obese mice also had a low carcass cadmium concentration (p less than 0.01), which depended on the sex-age interaction. When expressed in terms of total content, obese mice had higher total liver zinc and carcass chromium contents (p less than 0.05). Obese mice had a higher total carcass copper content at 8 weeks of age. Serum and carcass zinc were showed to be inversely related to body fat in obese mice. The results indicate that zinc may play a special role in thermoregulation and fat metabolism in the liver of obese mice. The tissue distribution and absorption of zinc may have an important correlation in the development of obesity. The roles of copper, cadmium and chromium are still obscure, the related regulations are still open for further questions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Investigation of the profile of selected trace metals in genetically obese (ob/ob) and lean (+/?) mice]. 135 9

Dietary alteration or intervention is an ideal method of preventing or treating hypertension. Medication may be eliminated or reduced in many cases. Correction of obesity and alcohol abuse are confirmed methods of treating hypertension. Reduction of sodium intake is effective in that portion of the population which is salt-sensitive. Probably, the ratio of sodium to potassium is of importance and increasing potassium intake while reducing sodium intake is effective in many situations. Evidence is being reported which indicates that adequate intake of calcium, and perhaps magnesium, is effective in preventing hypertension. Limited information indicates that a sufficiency of dietary essential fatty acids and fibre are effective in hypertension prevention. The role of dietary protein, carbohydrates, fat, cholesterol, vitamins, and essential elements (other than those mentioned above) in the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated at this time, but there are indications that adequate intakes are beneficial in hypertension. Water hardness may have some effect in reducing hypertension incidence, and any effectiveness would probably result from calcium and magnesium in the drinking water. Animal studies and limited human studies indicate some detrimental effects of heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, upon the pathogenesis of hypertension. Information regarding caffeine intake is inconclusive.
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PMID:Dietary factors in essential hypertension. 300 94

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between nutrition and prostate cancer is reviewed. Little is known about the etiology of prostate cancer, despite its prominence as the leading cancer among men in the United States. Rational mechanisms for dietary influences on prostate carcinogenesis, including effects on production or metabolism of androgenic hormones, have been proposed, but because few suitable animal models have been developed, the laboratory literature on diet and prostate cancer is sparse. Despite strong ecologic data and largely consistent case-control and cohort data on dietary fat and prostate cancer, the role of this nutrient remains unclear. Few studies, to date, have adjusted the results for caloric intake, and no particular fat component has been consistently implicated. A notable finding is a strong positive association with intake of animal products, especially red meats, but this in itself does not specifically implicate fat. Epidemiologic investigations on vitamin A and carotenoids are divided almost equally between studies showing positive and inverse associations. The evidence from these studies for a protective effect of fruits and vegetables on prostate cancer, unlike many other cancer sites, is not convincing. The data on other dietary components that have been examined with regard to prostate cancer etiology (cadmium, zinc, vitamins C and D, beverages, and legumes) are too incomplete at this time to draw any inferences as to their importance. The evidence for anthropometric associations with prostate cancer is weak. Whereas a clear association with obesity has not been shown, a positive relationship to muscle mass, though not yet established conclusively, further suggests the importance of androgens in this cancer.
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PMID:Nutrition and prostate cancer. 885 Apr 37

Agents known or believed to be carcinogenic decrease the concentration of potassium and increase the concentration of sodium in the cells. Anticarcinogenic agents have the opposite effect. In all cases where we have information on an agent's carcinogenicity or anticarcinogenicity and on that agent's effects on cellular potassium and sodium concentrations the above relationships have been found to be true. Dietary carcinogenic agents studied include sodium, cadmium, fat, cholesterol, calories, and alcohol; dietary anticarcinogenic agents include potassium, vitamins A, C, and D, selenium, and fiber. The effect of calcium intake is less clear as that effect depends on the concentrations on sodium and potassium. Not only dietary agents but also other carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic agents work in the same way. The cancer-causing drug dimethylhydrazine increases sodium and decreases potassium in the cells, whereas, for example, indomethacin, an anticarcinogen, has the opposite effect. In aging potassium leaves the cells, sodium enters them, and the rates of cancer increase. Patients with hyperkalemic diseases (Parkinson, Addison) have reduced cancer rates, and patients with hypokalemic diseases (alcoholism, obesity, stress) have increased cancer rates.
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PMID:Potassium, sodium, and cancer: a review. 921 87

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy found in males; however, little is as yet known regarding what initiates the disease. The incidence is highest among American Blacks and lowest in the East Asian population. Subtypes of the disease include familial clustering and a hereditary form (9%) supporting genetic events to be involved in prostate cancer pathogenesis. Chromosomal abberations so far identified as being frequently occurring in this disease seem to be related to later phases of disease progression. However, research finding the responsible promoting genetic alteration is rapidly progressing. To explain the varied geographical distribution of the disease, the environment also has to be taken into account. Risk factors identified so far include obesity, animal fat, red meat consumption and certain toxins containing cadmium, while vegetables, cereals and vitamin D seem to be protective. It is reasonable to believe that, in the near future, we will be able to identify persons at risk of acquiring the disease and then inform them how to adjust their lifestyle to avoid early progression of the malignancy.
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PMID:Genetic and environmental factors in prostate cancer genesis: identifying high-risk cohorts. 1032 90

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, therefore has become recently an essential problem of public health. The factors influencing cancer include: androgens metabolism disorders, diabetes mellitus, overweight and obesity, smoking, alcohol and black coffee intake, diet rich in saturated fats and poor in unsaturated, lack of physical activity, geographical zone, race, such carcinogenic substances as: cadmium, materials used in rubber, painting, printing, ship industry etc., contagious factors and also older age and a positive family history of the disease. To diagnose prostate cancer in its early stage such screening procedures as physical examination--digital rectal exam (DRE) and determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in blood serum are used. The aim of the study was to assess prostate cancer risk factors occurrence in the examined 193 men, aged 50-70 years, who reported to urology outpatient department at Clinical Hospital in Lublin, measure the PSA level in blood serum and examine the correlation between them. Respondents filled in a questionnaire about the presence of prostate cancer risk factors and urogenital symptoms. The questionnaire was completed with DRE and PSA measurement. The results led us to the following conclusions: 1/ in the studied population elevated PSA level is determined in 3.1% of 193 examined men, 2/ increased PSA occurs mainly in men from rural areas, with elementary education, divorced, older (>60 years), using fat-rich diet, smokers, black coffee drinkers, with overweight or obesity and non diabetic, 3/ a combination of PSA test with DRE seems to be useful and rather cheap for the detection of prostate cancer in the early stage of its development.
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PMID:Increasing level of prostate-specific antigen and prostate cancer risk factors among 193 men examined in screening procedure. 1532 67

In this study we assessed the content of nitrites III and V in selected herbal medicaments used in obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 treatment. The spectrophotometry Griess and Ilosvay method with cadmium column was used. Nitrites III content in all investigated herbal medicaments did not make any health menace for patients but content of nitrites V is very high and impacts on ADI. The percentage of extraction nitrites III was higher than theoretical counting value of 100% extraction, it could be due to nitrites V reduction to nitrites III during boiling.
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PMID:[Nitrite and nitrate content in selected herbal medicaments used in obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 treatment]. 1652 98

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major global public health concern. Efforts to prevent and/or slow progression of CKD are essential. Lead nephropathy, characterized by chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, is a well-known risk of chronic, high-level lead exposure. However, in recent years, lead exposure has declined sharply, particularly in developed countries. We reviewed epidemiologic research in general, occupational, and patient populations to assess whether lead, at current exposure levels, still contributes to nephrotoxicity. Other pertinent topics, such as risk in children, genetic susceptibility, and co-exposure to cadmium, are also considered. The data reviewed indicate that lead contributes to nephrotoxicity, even at blood lead levels below 5 microg/dl. This is particularly true in susceptible populations, such as those with hypertension (HTN), diabetes, and/or CKD. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for both lead exposure and diseases that increase susceptibility. Future public health risk for lead-related nephrotoxicity may be most significant in those rapidly developing countries where risk factors for CKD, including obesity and secondary HTN and diabetes mellitus, are increasing more rapidly than lead exposure is declining. Global efforts to reduce lead exposure remain important. Research is also needed to determine whether specific therapies, such as chelation, are beneficial in susceptible populations.
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PMID:Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. 1706 79

Nutrigenomics examines nutrient-gene interactions on a genome-wide scale. Increased dietary fat or higher non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) from starvation-induced mobilisation may enhance hepatic oxidation and decrease esterification of fatty acids by reducing the expression of the fatty acid synthase gene. The key factors are the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Dietary carbohydrates--both independently and through insulin effect--influence the transcription of the fatty acid synthase gene. Oleic acid or n-3 fatty acids downregulate the expression of leptin, fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Protein-rich diets entail a shortage of mRNA necessary for expression of the fatty acid synthase gene in the adipocytes. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are activators of PPAR and also induce apoptosis in adipocytes. Altered rumen microflora produces CLAs that are efficient inhibitors of milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland ('biohydrogenation theory'). Oral zinc or cadmium application enhances transcription rate in the metallothionein gene. Supplemental CLA in pig diets was found to decrease feed intake and body fat by activating PPARgamma-responsive genes in the adipose tissue. To prevent obesity and type II diabetes, the direct modulation of gene expression by nutrients is also possible. Nutrigenomics may help in the early diagnosis of genetically determined metabolic disorders and in designing individualised diets for companion animals.
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PMID:Veterinary aspects and perspectives of nutrigenomics: a critical review. 1755 88


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