Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cardiovascular risk factors were determined among two similar groups of telephone executives in Tokyo, Japan and New York City, USA. Both historical and electrocardiographic evidence pointed to a marked excess of coronary heart disease among American executives compared with their Japanese counterparts. In keeping with this finding, the Americans ate diets higher in animal fat, were fatter, and had higher serum cholesterol values but lower triglyceride levels. Mean blood pressures were slightly higher among the Japanese, and showed a greater increase with age. Urinary sodium/creatinine ratios were much higher among the Japanese, suggesting a higher salt intake. Cigarette smoking was more common among the Japanese. A review of other comparative studies between Japanese and Americans indicated that the only risk factors uniformly consistent with the frequency of coronary heart disease in the two countries were dietary fat, obesity, and serum cholesterol.
 ...
PMID:Cardiovascular risk factors among Japanese and American telephone executives. 89 71

The smooth muscle cell plays an important role in the process of atherogenesis, proliferating in the arterial intima and becoming filled with lipid during the course of the disease. In these experiments the effect of insulin and glucose on sterol synthesis in cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells was studied. Arterial smooth muscle cells were cultured from pieces of intima and inner media of young rat aortas. The cells were grown in Petri dishes in culture medium with foetal calf serum and when confluent were exposed to insulin or glucose for 24 hours. Insulin in concentrations of 10 micromicron-100 millimicron per ml stimulated the incorporation of sodium [2-(14)C]acetate into non-saponifiable lipids and digitonin precipitable sterols. However, insulin had no effect on the incorporation of labelled mevalonate into cell sterols. Increasing concentrations of glucose in the medium up to 140 mM had had no effect on the incorporation of isotope into sterols, but higher concentrations of glucose caused cell damage and sterol synthesis was markedly depressed. These results may have relevance to the development of atherosclerosis in diabetes and obesity.
 ...
PMID:The effect of insulin and glucose on sterol synthesis in cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells. 90 24

A method is presented for radioimmunological determination of 3alpha, 5beta-tetrahydroaldosterone. It is based upon the reactivity of this steroid with an antiserum induced by the 3-carboxymethyloxime of 18, 21-aldosterone diacetate conjugated with bovine serum albumin. One hundred microliters of urine enzymatically hydrolyzed with an helix pomatia preparation, containing tritiated tetrahydroaldosterone for the yield calculation, were extracted with dichloromethane and chromatographed on a small celite column. The yield after extraction and chromatography was 64 +/- 17%. The radioimmunological determination was carried out in a conventional manner. The method is specific, sensitive (10 pg/tube), exact, reproducible, very simple and extremely rapid. The results showed good agreement with values given by a colorimetric method (p less than 0.001). The median value measured in 45 healthy adult subjects under standard sodium diet was 53.3 microgram/24h (95 % of the population within a 16.6 to 131.1 microgram/24h range). In 78 cases of adrenocortical insufficiency, 60 cases of obesity and 28 cases of hypokalemia, the median values (and the ranges : microgram/24h) were respectively 7.7 (1.0 - 51.0), 80.9 (17.0 - 503.0) and 64.3 (8.0 - 181.0). In 330 hypertensive patients the excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone exceeded the normal range in 115 cases (35%) with a median of 199.7 microgram/24h (131 to 620 microgram/24h).
 ...
PMID:Radioimmunological determination of urinary tetrahydroaldosterone. 91 Feb 48

During a metabolic ward study, the addition of dietary fiber in the form of wheat bran biscuits to the diet of five volunteer subjects resulted in an increase in the stool wet weight and fecal solids. The excretion of fecal solids was highly correlated with the intake of unavailable carbohydrates, and fecal losses of water were similarly correlated with fecal excretion of these constituents. The major component of the increase in fecal solids was due to the noncellulosic polysaccharide fraction of dietary fiber. There was an increased fecal excretion of nitrogen fat and energy by most subjects when the supplement was eaten. However, the increased loss of energy in the feces was only 40-80 kcal/day, and therefore a large supplemental intake of dietary fiber had only minor effects on energy metabolism. Supplemental fiber is thus unlikely to induce a useful loss of calories in the management of obesity. The addition of dietary fiber caused an increased excretion of most inorganic constituents, particularly sodium and phosphorus; increased excretion of iron and magnesium was also found in two subjects.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic responses to dietary supplements of bran. 96 16

Subnormal plasma 11-deoxycortisol (compound S) responses to metyrapone were found in patients with adrenal insufficiency or with Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal tumors and in those receiving long-term glucocorticoid or diphenylhydantoin sodium therapy. High normal or exaggerated responses were seen in women receiving oral contraceptives, patients with Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal hyperplasia, and those with untreated hypothyroidism. Diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, congestive failure, and obesity also were associated with exaggerated responses. Subnormal plasma S responses were observed in 15 patients who responded normally to a repeat test or to the standard metyrapone test. The abnormal response resulted from insufficient metyrapone, administration at the wrong time, or delay in obtaining the blood sample. The single-dose metyrapone test may be the procedure of choice in screening for adrenal insufficiency.
 ...
PMID:Single-dose metyrapone test: review of a four-year experience. 105 66

Multifactor stress was studied, using obese men subjected to long-term (49 d) semistarvation in either a temperate or a not climate. The study was wide in scope, fiving information on endocrine-metabolic effects of a) uncomplicated obesity, b) ovesity in combination with climatic heat, c) obesity plus semistarvation, and d) ovesity combined with semistarvation plus climatic heat. The test subjects--groups of 12 to 13 obese men--remained on a diet which provided 335-400 kcal/d and contained at least 45 g protein, 14 g carbohydrate, and 11 g fat. Overnight urine specimens collected at 7-d intervals were analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, 17-OHCS, ketones, urea, uric acid, creatinine, inorganic phosphate, sodium, and potassium. There was transitory hyperketonuria which related inversely to environmental thermal levels. Most of the physiologic response patterns in the triple-stressor circumstance (obesity plus climatic heat plus semistarvation) were unlike those in the double-stressor situation (obesity plus semistarvation). Thus, there was evidence of compounding of stressor effects. Evidence of diminished sensitivity to heat appeared when obesity was lessened.
 ...
PMID:Climatologic aspects of obesity and therapeutic semistarvation. 111 17

The effects of low-mineral content water (Adelholzener Primus-Quelle) in 62 patients were studied of which 14 were hypertonic. Changes of blood sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were not observed in either group. In the hypertonic patients, blood pressure decreased from a mean systolic value of 168 to 140 mmHg and mean distolic pressure from 105 to 88 mmHg. Observations to date suggest the following indications for a low-mineral content water diet: 1. hypertension, 2. renal insufficiency in stages of compensated and decompensated retention, especially in cases with high serum potassium levels, 3. in the initial therapy of diabetes, gout and obesity; patients with a high water demand should be treated with low-mineral content water until the optimal intake of electrolytes is established.
 ...
PMID:[Effects of water with a low mineral content on serum electrolytes and blood pressure]. 122 36

Diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with systolic and diastolic hypertension, and a wealth of epidemiological data suggest that this association is independent of age and obesity. Much evidence indicates that the link between diabetes and essential hypertension is hyperinsulinemia. Thus, when hypertensive patients, whether obese or of normal body weight, are compared with age- and weight-matched normotensive controls, a heightened plasma insulin response to a glucose challenge is found consistently. A state of cellular resistance to insulin action subtends the observed hyperinsulinism. Using the insulin/glucose clamp technique in combination with tracer glucose infusion and indirect calorimetry, it has been demonstrated that the insulin resistance of essential hypertension is located in peripheral tissues (muscle), is limited to nonoxidative pathways of glucose disposal (glycogen synthesis), and correlates directly with the severity of hypertension. The reasons for the association of insulin resistance and essential hypertension can be sought in at least four general types of mechanisms: sodium retention, sympathetic nervous system overactivity, disturbed membrane ion transport, and proliferation of vascular smooth-muscle cells. Physiological maneuvers, such as caloric restriction (in the overweight patient) and regular physical exercise, can improve tissue sensitivity to insulin; good evidence indicates that these maneuvers also can lower blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia also are associated with an atherogenic plasma lipid profile. Elevated plasma insulin concentrations enhance very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis, leading to hypertriglyceridemia. Progressive elimination of lipid and apolipoproteins from the VLDL particle leads to an increased formation of intermediate density and low-density lipoproteins, both of which are atherogenic. Last, insulin per se, independent of its effects on blood pressure and plasma lipids, is known to be atherogenic. The hormone enhances cholesterol transport into arteriolar smooth-muscle cells and increases endogenous lipid synthesis by these cells. Insulin also stimulates the proliferation of arteriolar smooth-muscle cells, augments collagen synthesis in the vascular wall, increases the formation of and decreases the regression of lipid plaques, and stimulates the production of a variety of growth factors. In summary, insulin resistance appears to be a syndrome that is associated with a clustering of metabolic disorders, including type II diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, lipid abnormalities, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
 ...
PMID:Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and coronary artery disease: a complex metabolic web. 128 37

During the past decade, it became obvious that in contrast to defective insulin secretion in type I diabetes, defective insulin action (insulin resistance) is the most pertinent feature of type II diabetes. In addition, it has been known for a long time that obesity and insulin resistance are closely linked. Recently, hypertension also has been shown to often coincide with insulin resistance, although any causal relationships are still hypothetical. Last, several widely used pharmacological drugs such as diuretics, adrenergic blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may influence insulin sensitivity. Therefore, growing interest has emerged to most accurately measure insulin sensitivity. Although considerable knowledge has accumulated as to the actual mechanisms of insulin-dependent glucose transport, the signal transduction pathway of insulin remains poorly understood. When insulin sensitivity is measured, it is the overall glucose uptake that is quantified under controlled conditions. Other actions of insulin, such as the transport of ions, (e.g., sodium and potassium), synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, translocation of transporter proteins, and regulation of enzyme activities, are much more difficult to quantify. Of the many approaches used to quantify insulin action, the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique has emerged as the most reliable tool, fulfilling clinical and scientific demands equally. In combination with tracer methodology and calorimetry, a detailed view into the quantitative aspects of insulin action at different target cells is possible. Whether insulin resistance extends to other known actions of insulin in addition to those on glucose metabolism remains open to debate.
 ...
PMID:Determination of insulin sensitivity: methodological considerations. 128 39

Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia is now recognized in non-insulin-dependent diabetes, essential hypertension, obesity, atherosclerotic heart disease, dyslipidemia, heart failure, and in heavy smokers. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and its relationship to hypertension; reduced sodium excretion, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, increased activity of the sodium/hydrogen pump, and stimulation of cellular growth. Some of the nonpharmacological methods to control hyperinsulinemia are of benefit in the management of hypertension, most notably weight loss, exercise program, and reduced salt intake. High-fiber and reduced-protein diets also reduce hyperinsulinemia. Thiazide diuretics can result in insulin resistance, and insulin secretion may be inhibited, possibly associated with concomitant hypokalemia. beta-Blockers result in some reduction of glucose tolerance and mask some of the features of hypoglycemia. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and alpha-receptor blockers do not effect insulin resistance; probably the same is true for calcium antagonists. Although the effect on risk factors should not be discounted, it is the effect of treatment on hard end points, cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, or death that is most important. Evidence in hypertension is at present restricted to diuretics and beta-blocking drugs.
 ...
PMID:Hypertension and insulin resistance. 128 47


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>