Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a highly supplemented controlled low-energy (1764 kJ [420 kcal]) diet in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and obesity. Six obese, diabetic women ranging from 143% to 297% of ideal body weight were studied in a metabolic ward for 48 days. The subjects ingested a weight-maintenance diet during an eight-day control period followed by 40 days of an experimental diet containing 1764 kJ (420 kcal) of a mixture of protein (43% of energy intake), carbohydrates (51%), and fat (6%), supplemented with minerals, trace elements, and vitamins. The subjects were monitored for balances of nitrogen and minerals, as well as for the appearance of cardiac arrhythmias by 24-hour electrocardiographic recordings. Weight loss was rapid and sustained and averaged 10.1% +/- 0.8% over 40 days. Fasting plasma glucose levels declined from 16.2 +/- 1.9 mmol/L (293 +/- 36 mg/dL) to 6.9 +/- 0.8 mmol/L (126 +/- 16 mg/dL) by day 35. Similarly, hemoglobin A1c levels fell from 0.11 +/- 0.009 (11.2% +/- 0.9%) to 0.8 +/- 0.001 (8.2% +/- 1.1%). Urinary C-peptide levels declined from 62.2 +/- 15.6 nmol/48 h to 20.0 +/- 5.9 nmol/48 h by days 39 to 40 and paralleled the decline in plasma glucose values, the majority of which occurred in the first seven days. Concentrations of serum cholesterol and triglycerides decreased. Balances for nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium were negative at -1.7 g/24 h, -2.2 mEq/24 h, and -2.9 mg/dL, respectively. Blood pressure decreased without orthostasis. Resting metabolic rate fell a mean of 18% but remained within normal limits. Triiodothyronine levels also declined. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic readings disclosed no significant bradyarrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia for any patient. These studies, based on a limited number of subjects, demonstrate that a highly supplemented controlled low-energy diet is a safe and efficacious treatment for diabetes and obesity, leading to significant decreases in weight, blood pressure, and levels of plasma glucose and plasma lipids. Such diets may be the optimal initial treatment of moderate to markedly obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
 ...
PMID:The safety and efficacy of a controlled low-energy ('very-low-calorie') diet in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and obesity. 335 7

The effect of body weight on total body potassium, skeletal muscle electrolytes and fat content was studied in seven lean and seven obese middle-aged men and seven lean and eight obese middle-aged women. Total body potassium and total body fat increased with body weight (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.05 for men, and p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001 for women, respectively). So did muscle fat in men (p less than 0.01), while muscle tissue potassium was decreased in both obese men (p less than 0.001) and obese women (p less than 0.05). The skeletal muscle Na/K-ratio tended to be higher in obese men (p less than 0.1) but was not related to body weight in women. Skeletal muscle magnesium was higher (p less than 0.01) in obese men than in lean men. No differences between lean and obese women were found. Obese men had higher diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05) than lean men, while there was no difference between obese and lean women. Compared with lean subjects, obese subjects thus had lower relative skeletal muscle mass and men, especially, had more fat and less potassium in the skeletal muscle.
 ...
PMID:Decreased skeletal muscle potassium in obesity. 338 6

Left ventricular muscle mass is increased in the presence of large body size, high blood pressure and obesity, but the relative contributions to ventricular mass of these and other factors have not been elucidated. Accordingly, echocardiographic left ventricular mass in unmedicated employed adults (162 normotensive, 145 borderline hypertension and 317 with established essential hypertension) was related to height, weight, lean body mass, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, age, gender, race and 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion. In the total population, body mass index, systolic blood pressure and height were the most significant (p less than 0.0001) independent correlates of left ventricular mass, whereas gender and age made smaller contributions. In each normotensive and hypertensive subgroup, body mass index and height remained highly significant independent predictors of left ventricular mass, systolic blood pressure became a weaker predictor (0.001 less than p less than 0.02) and only among patients with established hypertension was diastolic blood pressure a weak independent determinant (p less than 0.05) of ventricular mass. The increase in left ventricular mass attributable to obesity was due to eccentric hypertrophy because end-diastolic relative wall thickness was similar in obese and nonobese subjects in each blood pressure group. Thus obesity, as measured by body mass index, is as important a potential determinant of left ventricular muscle mass as is systolic blood pressure and it is of greater statistical significant in an adult employed population than is diastolic blood pressure, height, gender, age or dietary sodium intake.
 ...
PMID:Relation of blood pressure and body build to left ventricular mass in normotensive and hypertensive employed adults. 341 96

The long-term results of surgical and specific drug therapy were compared in a group of 57 patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) (46 with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), 11 with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia). Unilateral adrenalectomy completely normalized blood pressure (BP) in 77.1% of surgically treated APA, evidently improving hypertension in remaining 22.9%. No recurrence of the adenoma in the remaining adrenal was seen in any of the surgical APA cases. In 19 of the non-surgical patients (11 with APA, 8 with IHA) monotherapy with spironolactone reduced blood pressure in 73%, though total BP normalization was an exception. The treatment normalized hypokalemia, low total exchangeable potassium, tendency to hypernatremia, and high total exchangeable sodium. Surgical as well as conservative therapy increased to normal or above-normal levels plasma renin activity suppressed prior to treatment. Pre-operatively high urine and plasma aldosterone levels normalized in all adrenalectomized patients, but remained above the normal range during spironolactone therapy in spite of a small decline in its absolute values. The disturbances of maximum renal concentrating capacity due to impaired nephron responsiveness to sufficiently high endogenous vasopressin concentrations were completely eliminated after kaliopenic nephropathy had been repaired. The other renal functions remained within normal values. Echocardiographically diagnosed left ventricular hypertrophy was seen less often than in the other types of arterial hypertension, tending to regress after APA management. Our longitudinal study (2-16 years) showed primary aldosteronism as a well curable, albeit rare, cause of hypertension. As regards BP and laboratory tests normalization, better results were achieved in surgical APA cases than in patients treated with spironolactone. Older age, longer history of hypertension and more frequent incidence of obesity, nephrosclerosis and pyelonephritis may be responsible for hypertension persisting after surgical treatment.
 ...
PMID:Long-term results of surgical and conservative treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism. 345 May 33

One hundred nine 19-year-old female students were surveyed as to academic test marks; salt detection and recognition thresholds; serum cholesterol, serum uric acid, serum cortisol, and other biochemical indices in serum; urinary sodium/creatinine and potassium/creatinine, as well as number of complaints based on the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) and personality based on the Yatabe-Guilford (Y-G) test. The salt recognition threshold showed a high negative correlation with serum uric acid concentration and a slight correlation with CMI complaint number, academic test marks, blood pressure, obesity, and serum cholesterol. The subjects with high salt thresholds had relatively passive personalities. Cholesterol, uric acid, hemoglobin, ferritin, and glucose levels in the serum were higher in the group with higher academic marks. These students also had fewer complaints and more of them were type B individuals based on the Y-G test. They also seemed to be under greater stress. In regression analysis, the partial regression coefficient between academic test marks and serum cholesterol was 60 percent higher than that between academic test marks and serum uric acid. Students who lived on campus had 24.8 milligrams per deciliter (15.7 percent) more serum cholesterol and 3.8 micrograms per deciliter (37.7 percent) more serum cortisol than those who commuted from home.
 ...
PMID:An epidemiologic study on the correlation between salt threshold, academic test marks, biochemical data, number of complaints, and personality in women college students. 345 2

As compared to nonobese white men and women, age-matched nonobese black subjects and obese white individuals show alterations in the vitamin D-endocrine system that are characterized by increases in mean serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D], and urinary cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) and by decreases in mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OHD) and in urinary calcium. Thus, both groups show secondary hyperparathyroidism which is associated with increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increased renal synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2D. In view of these findings, studies were conducted in 10 obese black subjects (3 men and 7 women) and in 12 nonobese black individuals (7 men and 5 women), ranging in age from 20 to 35 yr, to determine whether obesity influences the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. Body weight averaged 99 +/- 4 kg in the obese and 73 +/- 3 kg in the nonobese subjects (p less than .001). All of them were hospitalized on a metabolic ward and were given a constant daily diet containing 400 mg of calcium, 900 mg of phosphorus, 110 meq of sodium, 65 meq of potassium, and 18 meq of magnesium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Evidence that obesity does not influence the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. 350 35

To determine the effects of very-low-calorie diets on the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes and obesity, we have studied 10 obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) and 5 obese, nondiabetic subjects for 36 days on a metabolic ward during consumption of a liquid diet of 300 kcal/day with 30 g of protein. Rapid improvement occurred in the glycemic indices of the diabetic subjects, with mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma glucose falling from 291 +/- 21 to 95 +/- 6 mg/dl (P less than 0.001) and total glycosylated hemoglobin from 13.1 +/- 0.7% to 8.8 +/- 0.3% (P less than 0.001) (normal reference range 5.5-8.5%). Lipid elevations were normalized with plasma triglycerides reduced to less than 100 mg/dl and total plasma cholesterol to less than 150 mg/dl in both groups. Hormonal and substrate responses were also comparable between groups with reductions in insulin and triiodothyronine and moderate elevations in blood and urinary ketoacid levels without a corresponding rise in free fatty acids. Electrolyte balance for sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus was initially negative but approached equilibrium by completion of the study. Magnesium, in contrast, remained in positive balance in both groups throughout. Total nitrogen loss varied widely among all subjects, ranging from 70 to 367 g, and showed a strong positive correlation with initial lean body mass (N = 0.83, P less than 0.001) and total weight loss (N = 0.87, P less than 0.001). The nondiabetic group, which had a significantly greater initial body weight and lean body mass than the diabetic group, also had a significantly greater weight loss of 450 +/- 31 g/day compared with 308 +/- 19 g/day (P less than 0.01) in the diabetic subjects. The composition of the weight lost at completion was similar in both groups and ranged from 21.6% to 31.3% water, 3.9% to 7.8% protein, and 60.9% to 74.5% fat. The contribution of both water and protein progressively decreased and fat increased, resulting in unchanged caloric requirements during the diet. This study demonstrates that short-term treatment with a very-low-calorie diet in both obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects results in: safe and effective weight loss associated with the normalization of elevated glucose and lipid levels, a large individual variability in total nitrogen loss determined principally by the initial lean body mass, and progressive increments in the contribution of fat to weight loss with stable caloric requirements and no evidence of a hypometabolic response.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic consequences of very-low-calorie diet therapy in obese non-insulin-dependent diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. 351 Sep 22

We examined the hypothesis that patients with impaired glucose tolerance or type II diabetes mellitus have reduced glucose-induced thermogenesis and that this perpetuates obesity in them by reducing energy expenditure. The thermic response after a 75-g glucose meal for 150 minutes was significantly lower in five obese women with diabetes (7.18 +/- 1.8 kcal) and five other obese women with impaired glucose tolerance (6.4 +/- 0.8 kcal) than in five obese women with normal glucose tolerance (16.7 +/- 2.4 kcal) and five lean healthy control subjects (14.0 +/- 2.2 kcal, P less than 0.05). However, obese women with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance had a significantly higher resting metabolic rate (RMR) (307.0 +/- 9.7 mL O2/min) than predicted for them on the basis of their age, body weight, and total body potassium (274.8 +/- 8.0 mL O2/min, p less than 0.01). The predicted RMR in obese women with normal glucose tolerance test (GTT) (286.0 +/- 5.0 mL O2/min) was not different from their observed RMR (272.0 +/- 6.0). Thus the total energy expenditure during the meal of obese women with diabetes (254 +/- 32 kcal/150 min) and obese women with impaired glucose tolerance (221 +/- 5 kcal/150 min) was higher than that of obese women with normal glucose tolerance (201 +/- 9 kcal/150 min). All three obese groups had a higher total energy expenditure than the lean group (158 +/- 4 kcal/150 min, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Effect of impaired glucose tolerance and type II diabetes on resting metabolic rate and thermic response to a glucose meal in obese women. 352 18

Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) provides a rapid and safe noninvasive technique for the assessment of total body water in animals and man. An instrument employing this principle has been shown to measure body water in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. With the exception of adult obesity in humans, alterations in body fluid compartments that could theoretically affect the utility of conductivity measurements have not been studied. We, therefore, applied the total body electrical conductivity measurement in rats following perturbations of body fluid/electrolyte spaces including obesity, furosemide diuresis, severe burn, and low protein diet. Our findings confirm that total body water can be accurately measured by TOBEC in conditions of abnormal body fluid distribution. However, when the ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluid is significantly reduced, such as the severe burn or low protein intake, TOBEC does not reflect the intracellular (potassium) space but does predict total water and extracellular (sodium) space.
 ...
PMID:In vivo total body electrical conductivity following perturbations of body fluid compartments in rats. 371 18

A significant difference between the blood pressures of rural and urban Malawians was found in both sexes, was present at the age of 15 years, and was associated with obesity but not with smoking, alcohol consumption, occupation or housing. Pulse rate was significantly lower in the urban group. These differences were accompanied by low potassium and sodium intake although the sodium intake in the urban group was double that in the rural group. No direct relation between blood pressure and urinary electrolytes was found.
 ...
PMID:Blood pressure and salt intake in Malawi: an urban rural study. 374 84


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>