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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The number and activity of erythrocyte ATPase-dependent sodium-potassium pump units were increased in obese subjects (p = 0.02). No link was observed between the number or activity of the pump units and hypertension. The ouabain-insensitive rubidium (i.e. potassium) transport was not associated with relative body weight or blood pressure status. Sodium-lithium countertransport correlated significantly with obesity but not with blood pressure status. In the hypertensive patients, before or after therapy with verapamil, hydrochlorothiazide, pindolol or atenolol there were no significant differences in cation transport. We propose that the correlation between obesity and essential hypertension cannot be explained by these two cation transport systems.
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PMID:Erythrocyte cation transport in obesity, hypertension, and during antihypertensive drug therapy. 257 70

Hypertension in the obese may be related to hyperinsulinaemia. To investigate this relationship further, we infused somatostatin (250 micrograms/h in 100 ml saline) or saline, single-blind and in a random order, for 10 h in seven obese hyperinsulinaemic hypertensive patients and in seven normo-insulinaemic hypertensive controls. Every 2 h, blood pressure, plasma insulin, glucose, sodium, potassium, renin, cortisol and aldosterone concentrations and the urinary sodium:creatinine ratio were determined. Two hours after the somatostatin infusion was started, mean arterial blood pressure was significantly reduced in the obese hyperinsulinaemic patients (from 128 +/- 11 to 114 +/- 11 mmHg, P less than 0.05) but not in the controls and this reduction persisted throughout the study. The somatostatin infusion reduced plasma insulin and increased plasma glucose similarly in both groups. Plasma sodium, potassium, renin, cortisol and aldosterone concentrations and the urinary sodium:creatinine ratio were unchanged after the somatostatin infusion. These results suggest that hyperinsulinaemia could help sustain the blood pressure rise in obesity.
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PMID:Reduction of blood pressure in obese hyperinsulinaemic hypertensive patients during somatostatin infusion. 257 63

Observations over 11 years from the University of Utah Cardiovascular Genetics Research Clinic and published data from other studies are reviewed to illustrate research approaches, developing results and prospects for future studies. Strong associations with hypertension have been found for several biochemical tests that show substantial genetic determination. Suggestions of recessive major gene effects and significant polygenic background determinations have been found for several variables, including urinary kallikrein excretion, intracellular sodium concentration, sodium-lithium countertransport and sodium-potassium cotransport. Each of these variables is related in some way to sodium or potassium metabolism, or both, and may help to improve the understanding of a possibly inherited susceptibility to hypertension that is related to dietary electrolyte intake. A second major group of factors involving familial predisposition to hypertension include lipid abnormalities (increased very-low- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol); increased fasting insulin levels or insulin resistance, or both; obesity (especially central or upper body obesity); and multiple environmental factors influencing these metabolic systems, including dietary fat, carbohydrate and calorie intake; physical exercise; and certain antihypertensive medications that adversely affect lipid metabolism and glucose tolerance. Some studies even suggest a possible link between these two large groups of factors (electrolyte metabolism and lipid-insulin metabolism). Hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperinsulinaemia are both significantly correlated with increased levels of several cation-flux tests. It is recommended that studies of human hypertension apply these biochemical profiles to study sibships with two or more hypertensive siblings as a cost-effective initial approach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Current knowledge regarding the genetics of human hypertension. 269 50

Intracellular sodium and potassium were estimated in a series of normotensive (n = 120) and hypertensive (n = 97) blacks attending an outpatient screening clinic. All participants were free of other major medical illnesses and had not taken prescription medications, including antihypertensives, for at least two weeks. Mean intracellular sodium was 11% higher in the hypertensives than the normotensives (8.51 +/- 2.46 v 7.77 +/- 2.27 mmol, respectively, P = 0.02). A significant correlation was noted between diastolic blood pressure and cell sodium (r = 0.138, P = 0.04) when measurements from both groups were combined. Logistic regression analysis likewise demonstrated a borderline significant role of cell sodium in determining case-noncase status (P = 0.06); this finding was independent of other covariates, such as age and obesity. No relationship was noted between cell potassium and blood pressure. A significant correlation was noted between cell sodium and potassium (r = 0.272; P = 0.001); whereas no relationships were found among cell sodium and body mass index, age, sex, habitual alcohol intake, or educational achievement. These data, obtained from the largest series of US blacks reported to date, confirm and extend the finding that the intracellular concentration of sodium in the erythrocyte is increased in hypertensives. The data also lend support to the contention that abnormal sodium metabolism at the cellular level may play a role in the biochemical pathway leading to hypertension.
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PMID:Red cell sodium and potassium in hypertension among blacks. 273 46

Body composition calculated from total body potassium and skeletal muscle potassium were studied in middle-aged obese men and women with normal and impaired glucose tolerance as well as Type II diabetes before and after advice on calorie reduction during twelve months. The subjects were compared with healthy lean men and women. Mean weight loss was 6.6 kg (P less than 0.05). Lean body mass and body fat decreased 2.0 kg (P less than 0.05) and 4.6 kg (P less than 0.05), respectively. Total body potassium decreased by a mean of 146 +/- 49 mmol (P less than 0.01). Obese men with Type II diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance had lower total body potassium and muscle potassium levels than obese healthy men. After dieting, the obese men and women increased their muscle potassium levels with a mean of 2.8 mmol/100 fat-free dry weight to 42.6 +/- 2.6 mmol/100 g fat-free dry weight (P less than 0.05), but they were still below the levels of the lean controls, 44.4 +/- 1.3 MMOL/100 g fat-free dry weight, (P less than 0.01). Increase in skeletal muscle potassium was correlated to decrease in body weight, r = 0.55 (P less than 0.01) and to decrease in fasting blood glucose, r = 0.42 (P less than 0.05).
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PMID:Skeletal muscle potassium increases after diet and weight reduction in obese subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. 274 39

INTERSALT is an epidemiological study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure in 10,079 men and women from 52 centres and 32 countries. The data were collected according to strict protocol with extensive quality control, and were analysed both in individuals and across centres. In the individual analysis, with adjustment for confounding variables, significant positive associations were observed between blood pressure and twenty-four hour sodium excretion, body mass index and alcohol intake, and significant negative associations between blood pressure and potassium excretion. For a number of reasons, it is likely that the size of these relationships was underestimated. Across centres, linear slope of blood pressure with age was positively related to median sodium excretion. These observations imply that a policy combining changes in sodium and potassium intake with reductions in obesity and alcohol consumption could bring important public health benefits.
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PMID:The INTERSALT study: main results, conclusions and some implications. 279 23

INTERSALT found a significant association between 24-hour urine sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure in individuals. There was also a significant association between sodium and slope (increase) of blood pressure with age across population samples. The weight of evidence from animal-experimental, clinical, intervention, and epidemiological data favors a causal relation. INTERSALT data from 52 centers in 32 countries permit an estimate of effect on average population blood pressure of lower sodium intake. Based on the sodium-blood pressure association in individuals, it was estimated that a habitual population sodium intake that was lower by 100 mmol/day (e.g., 70 vs. 170 mmol/day) would correspond to an average population systolic pressure that was lower by at least 2.2 mm Hg. This size difference in systolic blood pressure in major US and UK population studies is associated with 4% lower risk of coronary death and 6% lower risk of stroke death in middle age. If habitual diet is both lower in sodium and higher in potassium with lower alcohol intake and less obesity, INTERSALT data estimate average population systolic pressure would be lower by 5 mm Hg. This was calculated to correspond to a 9% lower risk of coronary death and a 14% lower risk of stroke death. INTERSALT cross-population data also suggest that, with a 100 mmol/day lower sodium intake over the life span, the average increase in population systolic pressure from age 25 to 55 years would be less by 9 mm Hg, corresponding at age 55 to a 16% lower risk of subsequent coronary death and 23% lower risk of stroke death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:INTERSALT study findings. Public health and medical care implications. 280 18

The authors examined the relation between 24-hour dietary fiber intake at baseline survey in 1972-1974 and subsequent 12-year ischemic heart disease mortality in a southern Californian population-based cohort of 859 men and women aged 50-79 years. Relative risks of ischemic heart disease mortality in those with dietary fiber intake of 16 gm/24 hours or more compared with those with intake less than 16 gm/24 hours were 0.33 in men and 0.37 in women. A 6 gm increment in daily fiber intake was associated with a 25% reduction in ischemic heart disease mortality (p less than 0.01). This effect was independent of other dietary variables, including calories, fat, cholesterol, protein, carbohydrate, alcohol, calcium, and potassium. Some, but not all, of this effect appears to be mediated through the known cardiovascular risk factors: after multivariate adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, obesity, fasting plasma glucose, and cigarette smoking habit, the magnitude of the protective effect of fiber was reduced but still significant in both sexes combined. These findings support the hypothesis that high dietary fiber intake is protective for ischemic heart disease mortality.
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PMID:Dietary fiber and reduced ischemic heart disease mortality rates in men and women: a 12-year prospective study. 282 19

1. Intracellular Na+ concentration [Na+]i and Na+ extrusion catalysed by sodium potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-pump) were evaluated in erythrocytes from 21 obese children and 20 normal weight- and age-matched controls. 2. Obese children showed a significantly decreased Vmax. for Na+, K+-pump-mediated Na+ efflux (5638 +/- 338 vs 7597 +/- 335 mumol h-1 litre-1 of cells mean +/- SEM, P = 0.01), while [Na+]i (9.3 +/- 0.3 vs 9.1 +/- 0.5 mmol/litre of cells, mean +/- SEM, NS) and Na+ efflux in fresh cells (2380 +/- 153 vs 2533 +/- 180 mumol h-1 litre-1 of cells, mean +/- SEM, NS) were similar in both groups. 3. Mean diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in obese children than in controls, although both groups were normotensive (73.8 +/- 1.3 vs 66.2 +/- 1.9 mmHg, mean +/- SEM, P = 0.009). 4. Abnormal Na+, K+-pump activity is present in individuals with idiopathic obesity. 5. The possible link between obesity and blood pressure regulation may be mediated through modifications in Na+,K+-pump activity.
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PMID:Abnormalities of sodium transport by sodium, potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase in erythrocytes from obese children. 282 39

Obesity is associated with glucose intolerance. Glucose is to a large extent disposed in the skeletal muscle. Peripheral insulin resistance, as well as decreased enzymatic activity in the skeletal muscle, has been suggested in type II diabetes. Potassium is essential for such enzymatic reactions. In this study, obese men, but not women, with glucose intolerance tended to have a lower total body potassium per kg body weight, indicating a smaller muscle mass, than weight-matched normoglycaemic men. They also had a lower skeletal muscle potassium content per 100 g dry weight (P less than 0.05) and a higher muscle Na/K-ratio (P less than 0.05) compared with obese men with normal glucose tolerance. Muscle fat and muscle sodium content were higher in obese men than in women with the same body mass index (P less than 0.01). The muscle electrolyte changes can be explained by a decrease in the insulin mediated Na/k-pump activity across the cell membrane or a smaller number of insulin receptors on the skeletal muscle cell in patients with glucose intolerance.
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PMID:Increased skeletal muscle Na/K-ratio in obese men, but not in women, with glucose intolerance. 292 98


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