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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to obtain a quantitative estimate of the capacity of the pancreatic islets for provision of cytoplasmic acetyl-coenzyme A and for the turnover of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and its reduced form (NADP+/NADPH), the following enzymes were assayed in islets taken from New Zealand Obese mice: adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.40), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.42). In addition, the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (EC 1.1.1.41) was determined. For comparative purposes the activities in exocrine pancreas, liver, heart muscle, kidney cortex and skeletal muscle were also determined. Specimens of pancreatic islets and the other tissues were microdissected from freeze-dried sections. In comparison with the other tissues, adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase was particularly active in the islets. The NADP+/NAPH-converting enzymes had activities, which suggested a rapid turnover of the islet NADP+/NADPH pool.
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PMID:Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-converting enzymes and adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase in some tissues and organs of New Zealand obese mice with special reference to the enzyme pattern of the pancreatic islets. 24 Aug 82

Nutritional assessment of white persons over 59 who participated in the 1973 Missouri Nutrition Survey was based upon biochemical measurements, dietary intakes using food frequency histories, anthropometric measurements, and a dental examination. There were three major nutritionally related problems: poor dental health, obesity, and anemia. The mean for DMF, periodental index, and oral hygiene index for males was 20.5, 4.9, and 3.9, respectively; for females, 17.6, 3.6, and 2.5. Over one-half of both sexes were edentulous. Of the women 59% were greater than 119% of desirable weight compared to 22% of the men. Using guidelines from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey, the following percentages of men had low blood levels: 20, hemoglobin and serum iron; 2, plasma vitamin A; 6, plasma carotene; 1, serum vitamin C; and 0, serum albumin. The percent of women with low biochemical levels were: 11, hemoglobin; 10, serum iron; 7, plasma vitamin A; 1, serum vitamin C; and 2, serum albumin. None of the subjects had low or deficient levels of erythrocyte glutathione reductase. One-half of the women compared to one-fifth of the men had consumed diets with one or more nutrients below 67% of the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances.
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PMID:Nutritional status of elderly residents in Missouri. 72 63

We investigated the immediate impact and long-term effects of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis on nutritional status and growth in 111 children. Mean weight change during 10 d of hospitalization was a loss of less than 1%. Follow-up median weight-for-height percentiles increased after admission (p less than 0.01). Percentile values were as follows: admission, 45th; 1 mo, 60th; 3 mo, 60th; and 6 mo, 68th. Forty-three percent of the cases were greater than 75th percentile of weight-for-height at 6 mo after disease. An additional follow-up assessment of weight-for-height indicated that 43% of a representative sample subset of 49 were still obese 1.17-5.5 y after disease. Significant differences in median concentrations of serum prealbumin were found between days 1 (128 mg/L) and 5 (199 mg/L, p less than 0.0001) and days 5 and 10 (214 mg/L, p less than 0.02). Median erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficients increased between days 1 (1.16) and 5 (1.20, p less than 0.01). The mean free erythrocyte protoporphyrin-heme ratio increased between days 5 (10.78 X 10(-6)) and 10 (14.22 X 10(-6), p less than 0.01). We conclude that there were transient adverse changes in nutritional status. Obesity appears to occur after disease.
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PMID:The impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis on nutritional status. 278 87

A sample of 107 boys aged 7-10 in a rural area of Southern Italy was studied for riboflavin deficiency and its association with milk consumption. The boys represented 74 per cent of the total male population of that age group in the study area. The nutritional status was assessed by means of anthropometric indicators, dietary intakes by a 24-h recall method and the riboflavin status was evaluated by the assay of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity. The nutritional status was found to be generally satisfactory with about one tenth of the children presenting stunting, wasting, or obesity. This picture is comparable to that recorded at the national level. The overall incidence of biochemical riboflavin deficiency was 13 per cent. No clinical sign of riboflavin deficiency was observed. None of the anthropometric indicators of malnutrition appeared to be related to biochemical evidence of riboflavin malnutrition. Dietary data showed that the children consumed a relatively small amount of milk and dairy products (mean 224 +/- 109 g/d). Thirteen out of 14 children with biochemical evidence of riboflavin deficiency belonged to the group who consumed less than 300 g/d of milk. However, only 15 per cent of the children consuming less than 300 g/d of milk and dairy products had biochemical evidence of riboflavin deficiency. It appears that the dietary pattern in rural areas with traditionally low milk consumption is compatible with a relatively satisfactory riboflavin nutriture. This finding suggests that milk and dairy products may occupy, under different dietary practices, a role less critical than usually attributed.
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PMID:Riboflavin status among rural children in Southern Italy. 689 99

Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by adipocytes and regulates body weight through its effect on satiety and energy metabolism. The ob/ob mouse is deficient in this protein and is characterized by obesity and other metabolic disorders. This study investigated the alterations of several hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP), conjugation, and antioxidant enzymes in lean and ob/ob mice and the role leptin plays in the modulation of these enzymes. Lean and ob/ob male mice were injected with leptin (100 microg) or PBS for 15 days. Liver microsomes from ob/ob mice, when compared with lean controls, displayed significantly reduced chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation activity (27%); however, 7alpha- and 16alpha- testosterone hydroxylation and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation activities were significantly higher (47%, 22%, and 39%, respectively). Leptin administration corrected alterations seen with all P-450 activities. Dealkylation of ethoxyresorufin and omega-hydroxylation of lauric acid activities from ob/ob and lean mice were not statistically different; however, leptin exposure significantly increased ethoxyresorufin activity in lean mice (14%) and decreased the activity in ob/ob mice (36%). UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase and glutathione S-transferase activities were not altered. The antioxidant enzymes, catalase (11%) and glutathione peroxidase (26%), as well as glutathione reductase (17%), were lower in the ob/ob mice and leptin treatment corrected these alterations. The results of this study demonstrate alterations in constitutive expression of CYP2B, CYP2E, CYP2A, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in ob/ob mice that were restored to lean control values following leptin treatment. Additionally, CYP3A activity was increased following leptin treatment in ob/ob mice. The mechanism for the observed alterations may be due to direct leptin effects or via indirect alterations in insulin, corticosterone, and/or growth hormone.
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PMID:Effect of leptin on cytochrome P-450, conjugation, and antioxidant enzymes in the ob/ob mouse. 1034 99

The dynamic changes of socio-economics leading to the industrialisation of countries are known to affect lifestyle and nutritional behaviours of the population. Review of the literature on the prevalence of obesity showed increasing numbers of the overweight and obese during the past decade. However, information on health and nutritional status of the obese in Thailand has not been widely publicized. This study reveals the vitamin status and hematological picture in 270 overweight and obese Thais in Bangkok, Thailand, compared with 175 normal subjects. No statistically significant differences in haemoglobin and hematocrit were observed in the overweight compared with the control subjects. The prevalence of anaemia was 9.8 per cent among male and 17.2 per cent among female overweight and obese subjects compared with 2.6 per cent and 21.2 per cent in male and female normal controls using the cut-off point of haemoglobin concentration as an indicator of anaemia. Prevalence of hypertension was exhibited in both male and female overweight and obese subjects. Even if there were no statistically significant differences in vitamin B1, B2 and B6 in overweight and obese subjects compared with the controls, high percentages of vitamin C and vitamin B2 deficiencies were observed. Vitamin B2 deficiency was detected in 19.7 per cent of overweight and obese males as well as in 28.7 per cent of overweight and obese females using glutathione reductase activity coefficient (alpha EGR) < 1.5 as the cut-off point. However, clinical signs of vitamin B2 deficiencies were rare. There was also a high percentage of vitamin C (antioxidant vitamin) deficiency in 51.5 per cent of the overweight and obese subjects and 41.7 per cent of the controls, respectively. The results suggest more attention should be paid to health study and nutritional problems for the overweight and obese population, especially concerning vitamins and oxidative stress. Further research is still needed in these aspects.
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PMID:B vitamins, vitamin C and hematological measurements in overweight and obese Thais in Bangkok. 1207 16

A positive family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the most predictive risk factors of CHD. Many children with increased risk of CHD because of their positive family history of CHD do not present other risk factors, such as altered serum lipid profile. Oxidative stress plays an important part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Serum antioxidants and intracellular enzymatic antioxidants composed mainly of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase counterbalance oxidative stress. Diminished activity of this system may lead to accelerated progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to assess the activity of CAT, GSH-Px, SOD and glutathione reductase in children with a family history of premature CHD who did not present any other major risk factors of CHD (diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia or hypertension). Twenty-two healthy children from high-risk families, selected according to the National Cholesterol Education Program definition, were enrolled in the study. The control group comprised 18 children without a family history of CHD. All the children were healthy and had been screened for hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hypertension and obesity prior to the study. The erythrocyte activity of CAT, GSH-Px, SOD and glutathione reductase was assessed. Children at high risk of CHD had a statistically significant lower level of GSH-Px and CAT activity than the children in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in the activity of SOD and glutathione reductase.
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PMID:Activity of antioxidant enzymes in children from families at high risk of premature coronary heart disease. 1275 97

11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase1(11beta-HSD1) can serve either as an oxo-reductase or dehydrogenase determined by the redox state in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This bidirectional enzyme governs paracrine glucocorticoid production. Recent in vitro studies have underscored the key role of cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) in controlling the flux direction of 11betaHSD-1 by altering the intraluminal ER NADPH/NADP ratio. The hypothesis that other hexose phosphoesters or the plentiful cellular oxidative protector glutathione could also regulate microsomal 11betaHSD-1 activity was tested. Fructose-6-phosphate increased the activity of 11beta-HSD1 reductase in isolated rat and porcine liver microsomes but not porcine fat microsomes. Moreover, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) attenuated 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity by 40% while reduced glutathione (GSH) activated the reductase in liver. Fat microsomes were unaffected because they lack glutathione reductase. Nonetheless, another oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide (0.5mM), inhibited both fat and liver 11beta-HSD1 reductase. Consistent with the major role of the redox state, 2.5mM GSSG and hydrogen peroxide augmented the 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase, antithetical to the reductase, by 20-30% in liver microsomes. Given the key role of reactive oxygen species and hexose phosphate accumulation in the pathoetiology of obesity and diabetes, these compounds might also modify 11beta-HSD1 in these conditions.
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PMID:Modification of microsomal 11beta-HSD1 activity by cytosolic compounds: glutathione and hexose phosphoesters. 1855 Mar 63

The impact of chronic excessive energy intake on protein metabolism is still controversial. Male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum during 5 weeks with either a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HF: n = 9) containing 45% of total energy as lipids (protein 14%; carbohydrate 40% with 83.5% sucrose) or a standard diet (controls: n = 10). Energy intake and body weight were recorded. At the end of the experiment, we measured body composition, metabolic parameters (plasma amino acid, lipid, insulin, and glucose levels), inflammatory parameter (plasma alpha2-macroglobulin), oxidative stress parameters (antioxidant enzyme activities, lipoperoxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl content in liver and muscle), and in vivo fed-state fractional protein synthesis rates (FSRs) in muscle and liver. Energy intake was significantly higher in HF compared with control rats (+28%). There were significant increases in body weight (+8%), body fat (+21%), renal (+41%), and epidydimal (+28%) fat pads in HF compared with control rats. No effect was observed in other tissue weights (liver, muscle, spleen, kidneys, intestine). Liver and muscle FSRs, plasma levels of lipids, glucose, insulin and alpha2-macroglobulin, soleus and liver glutathione reductase and peroxidase activities, MnSOD activity, LPO, and protein carbonyl content were not altered by the HF diet. Only soleus muscle and liver Cu/ZnSOD activity and soleus muscle catalase activities were reduced in HF rats compared with control rats. Thus, chronic excessive energy intake and increased adiposity, in the absence of other metabolic alterations, do not stimulate fed-state tissue protein synthesis rates.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 Jul
PMID:Excessive energy intake does not modify fed-state tissue protein synthesis rates in adult rats. 1924 70

Erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP locus 1), also known as low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase, has previously been associated to glycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity. In this study, ACP1 genotype and activity were tested in 318 women aged 19 to 83 (mean, 51.74 +/- 13.44) years. ACP1 genotype was found to directly correlate to glutathione reductase activity (P < .001) and levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .038). Glutathione reductase activity was in turn found to correlate to a series of cardiovascular risk factors such as systolic arterial pressure (P < .001), total cholesterol levels (P = .018), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P = .039). A possible protective effect of ACP1 genotype AA against these cardiovascular risk factors was observed in this study. Furthermore, this work hypothesizes that nutritional riboflavin uptake becomes more crucial as body mass index increases, to counteract oxidative stress and minimize cardiovascular risk. This might be especially true in ACP1 genotypes AC, BC, and CC, which might possibly show the least endogenous protection against oxidative stress.
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PMID:ACP1 genotype, glutathione reductase activity, and riboflavin uptake affect cardiovascular risk in the obese. 1957 May 51


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