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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The BETA2/NeuroD1 gene product is a transcription factor, a member of a helix-loop-helix (HLH) family that is specifically expressed in the endocrine pancreas. HLH and homeobox proteins are involved in the development and function of pancreatic islets cells. Mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of BETA2/NeuroD1 showed abnormal pancreatic islet morphogenesis and developed overt diabetes. Mutations in the NeuroD/BETA2 gene were linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aims of the study were to determine the allele and genotype frequency of Ala45Thr polymorphism of BETA2/NeuroD1 in a Polish population and to examine the role of this amino acid variant in the genetic susceptibility to T2DM. We included 394 individuals into this study: 223 T2DM patients with the age at diagnosis above 35 years and 171 controls without a family history of T2DM. The fragment of the gene, corresponding to the Ala45Thr amino acid variant, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Alleles and genotypes were determined based on electrophoresis of the specific restriction enzyme EcoI57 DNA digestion products. Differences in distribution between the groups were examined by chi(2) test. The frequencies of the Ala and Thr alleles in T2DM patients (62% and 37.9%) were similar to those in the controls (65.5% and 34.5%; p=0.32). Similarly, there was no difference between the groups when we analyzed the genotype distribution (p=0.24). The stratification analysis based on family history of T2DM, obesity, and age of diagnosis did not show any difference between the groups. In conclusion, the frequency of Ala45Thr polymorphism in this studied Polish population is similar to its frequency in other Caucasians. We did not find evidence that the Ala45Thr polymorphism of BETA2/NeuroD1 played a role in the risk of T2DM in the examined Polish population.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Jun
PMID:The Ala45Thr polymorphism of BETA2/NeuroD1 gene and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Polish population. 1286 11

Carnitine is a trimethylamine molecule that plays a unique role in cell energy metabolism. Mitochondrial betaoxidation of long-chain fatty acids, the major process by which fatty acids are oxidized, is ubiquitously dependent on carnitine. Control of mitochondrial beta-oxidation through carnitine adapts to differing requirements in different tissues. The physiological role of carnitine and its system in body composition is understood from insights into skeletal muscle metabolism, which converge into the metabolic heterogeneity of muscle fibers, and contractile properties that are correlated with phenotypes of resistance to fatigue. In skeletal muscle, the importance of the function of the carnitine system in the control and regulation of fuel partitioning not only relates to the metabolism of fatty acids and the capacity for fatty acid utilization, but also to systemic fat balance and insulin resistance. The carnitine system is shown to be determinant in insulin regulation of fat and glucose metabolic rate in skeletal muscle, this being critical in determining body composition and relevant raised levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:The carnitine system and body composition. 1461 47

Obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance are wellknown components of metabolic syndrome and are associated to increased cardiovascular morbidity. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, body fat distribution, and selected coronary heart disease risk factors. A total of 22 untrained subjects affected by one or more features of metabolic syndrome and without clinical history of cardiovascular disease were studied. Nondiabetic subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test for glucose and insulin measurement; fasting glucose and insulin were measured in diabetic patients. Complete lipid profile, thyroid hormones, and thyroid-stimulating hormone were measured in all subjects. Basal energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured using a K4 analyzer. Cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO(2max)/kg) was assessed using a treadmill graded exercise test. Peak aerobic capacity ( VO(2max)/kg) was predicted by body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity index, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ( p<0.001). A significant relationship was found between cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO(2max)/kg) and body mass index (BMI), insulin sensitivity index, and LDL cholesterol ( r=0.60, p<0.05; r=0.66, p<0.01 and r=0.54, p<0.05, respectively). Data demonstrated that aerobic fitness is related to metabolic parameters and to body fat distribution, and suggest that its modification may improve well-known predictors of coronary artery disease.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:Lipid profile, BMI, body fat distribution, and aerobic fitness in men with metabolic syndrome. 1461 52

One thousand three-hundred and eighty-nine obese outpatients were followed by 28 practitioners. They were enrolled in a multidisciplinary weight control program for at least 1 year. The major components of the program include a commercial very low calorie diet (Pro'gram18 VLCD), behavior modification, and exercise. There was a significant decrease in body weight compared with baseline of approximately 12.3+/-5.3 kg at the end of the maintenance period; the weight loss was achieved essentially at the expense of fatty mass, -10.3+/-5.5 kg at 90 days while fat-free mass loss was -2.0+/-2.5 kg at 90 days. Mean serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were also lowered and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose values were normalized at the end of the weight-loss phase. Obese outpatients lost substantial amounts of weight using VLCD, reduced the risk factors associated with obesity, and had encouraging long-term results, with weight loss maintained at 2-year follow-up.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:Short- and long-term evolution of body composition in 1389 obese outpatients following a very low calorie diet (Pro'gram18 VLCD). 1461 57

This 64-week prospective cohort trial evaluated the effects of 20-mg oestradiol implants, replaced every 4 months, in healthy postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years. Of 20 implant and 14 control subjects who remained in the trial at 32 weeks, 13 implant and seven controls continued to 64 weeks, with no baseline differences between completing and dropout subjects. At 64 weeks, implant subjects displayed increases of 5.4-7.6% in spine and hip bone mineral density ( p<0.05 versus controls). The abdominal fat-to-lean soft tissue ratio decreased by 18% in implant subjects ( p<0.001), but did not change in controls ( p<0.05 implants versus controls). Neither group displayed significant changes in weight, %fat or appendicular skeletal muscle mass. The 32-week data were consistent with these results. Hence, oestradiol implant therapy can reduce abdominal adiposity and could lower the risk of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:Effects of 20-mg oestradiol implant therapy on bone mineral density, fat distribution and muscle mass in postmenopausal women. 1461 70

Little is known about body composition in Parkinson's disease (PD). We studied 35 patients (20 male, 15 female subjects; mean age 69.7+/-5.8 years) with advanced PD by anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and serum 25-OH vitamin D measurement. Over 70% of patients had a disease duration of more than 4 years; all were on L-dopa treatment. Low levels of serum 25-OH vitamin D were present in 41% of the patients. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.3+/-4.3 kg/m(2) (range 17.1-37.3). Mid-arm muscle circumference was below the 10th percentile in 23%. For whole-body mean (+/-SD) bone mineral density, the T score was below -1 SD in 35% of patients, and the Z score was below -1 SD in 24%. Percent fat mass measured with DEXA was 30.6+/-11.4% (range 10.1-45.5) in the overall sample; it was 21.1+/-8.8% (range 10.1-30.4) in male subjects and 38.1+/-9.2% (range 25.8-45.5) in female subjects. We conclude that advanced-stage PD may show excess adiposity coexisting with depletion of lean body mass (sarcopenic obesity), in addition to decreased whole-body bone mineral density associated with low serum 25-OH vitamin D. A low level of physical activity and inadequate exposure to sunlight are likely to be among the putative causes.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:Body composition in advanced-stage Parkinson's disease. 1461 69

This paper presents a review on assessment of obesity by measurement of body composition. It is recommended that cross-calibrations between methods are made and that cut-off levels for defining obesity are based on the association between body fat% and morbidity and mortality. The recommendation is made for assessment of obesity to measure body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in combination with clinical judgment and a disease risk assessment. Assessment of body composition for evaluation of obesity is a valuable tool in research, but currently it does not influence the choice of therapy in an obese individual. An individual who is misclassified by BMI may benefit from measurement of body composition, but not until further evidence and development of current body composition methods are available.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:Should measurement of body composition influence therapy for obesity? 1461 85

Most in vivo body composition methods rely on assumptions that may vary among different population groups as well as within the same population group. The assumptions are based on in vitro body composition (carcass) analyses. The majority of body composition studies were performed on Caucasians and much of the information on validity methods and assumptions were available only for this ethnic group. It is assumed that these assumptions are also valid for other ethnic groups. However, if apparent differences across ethnic groups in body composition 'constants' and body composition 'rules' are not taken into account, biased information on body composition will be the result. This in turn may lead to misclassification of obesity or underweight at an individual as well as a population level. There is a need for more cross-ethnic population studies on body composition. Those studies should be carried out carefully, with adequate methodology and standardization for the obtained information to be valuable.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:Validity of body composition methods across ethnic population groups. 1461 84

The aim of the study was a comparison between body fat measurements and body mass index. We analyzed the data of 890 subjects, 596 females and 294 males, ranging in age from 18 to 83 years, in body mass index (BMI) from 14 to 54 kg/m(2), and in body fat percentage (BF%) from 4% to 57%. A considerable number of subjects, both males and females, could not be classified as obese based on their BMI alone. Such a misclassification is undesirable, especially in general practice, and it calls for diagnostic criteria other than the BMI alone to be used for obesity.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:How fat is obese? 1461 86

There is currently much interest in the subject of pediatric obesity. Accurate measures of body composition are required given the potential influence of variables such as growth, metabolic rate, physical activity, and physical fitness. Because boys and girls have a different growth pattern, gender is a fundamental consideration when measuring children and assessing body composition. The central aim of this paper is to review methods of pediatric body composition assessment that can provide new insights for clinical practice.
Acta Diabetol 2003 Oct
PMID:Pediatric body composition in clinical studies: which methods in which situations? 1461 91


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