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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The most common cancer in US women and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death is breast cancer. Between 1980-1987 in the US. age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer rose rapidly. They are also rising rapidly in several Asian countries (e.g., in Japan) which have the lowest incidence rates. These rapid increases may mean that environmental factors are responsible. Incidence rates rise greatly with age until the late 40s. US women at highest risk of breast cancer are Jewish women, urban women, single women, and women living in the northern US. Women at lowest risk include Mormon and Seventh-Day Adventist women, Hispanic and Asian women, rural women, women living in the southern US, and married women. Factors that have a relative risk greater than 2 are mother and sister with history of breast cancer, especially if diagnoses at an early age; atypical epithelial cells in nipple aspirate fluid; nodular densities on the mammogram; history of cancer in 1 breast; mother or sister with history of breast cancer; biopsy-confirmed benign proliferative breast disease; hyperplastic epithelial cells without atypia in nipple aspirate fluid; and radiation to chest in moderate to high doses. Ovarian hormones appear to stimulate cell division in the breast, thus elevated levels may be risk factors. Exogenous hormones may also increase the risk. Women are exposed to these exogenous hormones through estrogen replacement therapy, progestin only pills, oral contraceptives, long-acting injectable contraceptives, and diethylstilbestrol. Postmenopausal obesity increases the risk while premenopausal obesity decreases the risk. A high fat diet in childhood and adolescence may increase the risk. Alcohol drinking may also increase the risk. Older, white, and nulliparous women are more likely to have estrogen receptor-positive cancers. Breast cancer in males tends to share the same risk factors as well as its own unique factors. Prevention of postmenopausal obesity is the only established primary prevention effort. Screening is the only secondary prevention means.
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PMID:Breast cancer epidemiology: summary and future directions. 840 9

We use econometric techniques to consider whether the statistical association between drinking and blood pressure among men may be due, in part, to the constitutional hypothesis. The constitutional hypothesis holds that the same unobserved genetic or personality factors that affect blood pressure will affect the amount of alcohol consumed. Our sample is restricted to men because most investigations for women have revealed a weak to nonexistent positive, and sometimes a negative, association. Data are drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1971-1975. The econometric technique requires fitting three equations using two-stage least squares or multiple regressions. The first equation explains how much people drink. The second and third equations explain fluctuations in systolic and diastolic blood pressures using information on the predicted values of the drinking variable from the first equation. Our results suggest that, after accounting for unobserved constitutional factors as well as other observed covariates such as obesity, salt intake, schooling and so on, the strength of the statistical association between high blood pressure and heavy drinking in men drops only slightly by 8% (diastolic) and 23% (systolic). Thus, a strong statistically significant result remains after removing the unobserved variables bias.
J Stud Alcohol 1993 Mar
PMID:An econometric technique to remove unobserved variables that bias the relationship between alcohol and blood pressure. 845 17

We conducted a case-control study, using 429 cases with histologically confirmed sigmoid adenoma, 75 cases with rectal adenoma, and 3101 controls showing normal colonoscopy at least up to 60 cm from the anus. The subjects were male Self-Defense Forces personnel aged 48-56 who received a retirement health examination including a routine sigmoid- or colonoscopy. Lifestyle characteristics were ascertained by a self-administered questionnaire. Smoking in the recent past (< or = 10 years preceding the colonoscopy) and smoking in the remote past (> 10 years before the colonoscopy) were both significantly associated with risk of sigmoid adenoma but not with rectal adenoma as a whole. After reciprocal adjustment for smoking in the two periods, only smoking in the recent past was associated with both sigmoid colon and rectal adenomas. Odds ratios (OR) of sigmoid adenoma (and 95% confidence interval) for the categories of 0, 1-150, 151-250 and > or = 251 cigarette-years were 1.0 (reference), 1.9 (1.3-2.8), 2.1 (1.4-3.0) and 3.0 (1.9-4.7), respectively (P for trend < 0.01), and those for rectal adenoma were 1.0 (reference), 1.2 (0.4 3.2), 3.5 (1.4-8.5) and 2.0 (0.6 6.7), respectively (P for trend = 0.03). Alcohol use was significantly positively associated with sigmoid adenoma, and insignificantly associated with rectal adenoma. Body mass index was significantly positively associated with sigmoid adenoma, especially large ones. No such association was found for rectal adenoma. These findings suggest that smoking, especially in the recent past, and alcohol use are common risk factors for sigmoid colon and rectal adenomas while obesity may be exclusively related to the growth of sigmoid adenoma.
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PMID:The relation of smoking, alcohol use and obesity to risk of sigmoid colon and rectal adenomas. 856 91

The desensitization process of beta-adrenergic system was assessed by in vivo administration to 7-week old rats of a mixed beta-agonist, metaproterenol (3,5-dehydroxyphenyl-N-isopropyl-amine-beta-ethanol sulphate; T1/2=6 hours), (2 mg/kg/d) in treatments of 12 hours, 2 days and 10 days. The in vitro lipolytic effect of selective beta-adrenergic agonists, dobutamine, salbutamol and BRL 37344, as well as plasma free fatty acid concentrations were measured in treated and control animals given vehicle. Different times of exposure to a beta-agonist induced a loss of responsiveness on lipolytic response mediated by beta1 and beta2-adrenoceptors, as demonstrated by decreased affinity and intrinsic activity (maximal effect) of dobutamine and salbutamol. In contrast, no changes were found in beta3 mediated lipolysis. These observations suggest that beta1, beta2 and beta3-adrenoceptors follow different regulatory patterns. Lack of beta3-adrenoceptor desensitization may have important physiological and therapeutic consequences in the treatment of diseases such as obesity and heart failure.
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PMID:Desensitization effect of in vivo treatment with metaproterenol on beta1, beta2 and beta3-adrenergic responsiveness in rat adipocytes. 859 5

The combined administration of phentermine and fenfluramine (PHEN/FEN) has been used as a treatment for obesity. Recent evidence suggests that this drug mixture may also be an effective medication for substance abuse disorders, including cocaine dependence. It is well-established that repeated high-dose fenfluramine causes serotonin (5-HT) terminal degeneration in laboratory animals, and no studies have addressed possible interactions between phentermine and fenfluramine. The purpose of the present work was to examine the effect of phentermine coadministration on fenfluramine-induced depletion of 5-HT in mouse forebrain. In addition, because of the potential for cocaine abuse in drug addicts taking PHEN/FEN as a medication, we examined the effects of PHEN/FEN on forebrain 5-HT levels in the presence or absence of cocaine. Fenfluramine (0, 3, 10, 30 mg/kg, s.c. twice daily for 4 days) caused a dose-dependent reduction in forebrain 5-HT without affecting dopamine or norepinephrine. Phentermine coadministration (7 mg/kg, s.c. twice daily for 4 days) did not significantly alter the 5-HT-depleting effect of fenfluramine. Likewise, cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), administered 60 min prior to or 60 min after PHEN/FEN, had no effect on the PHEN/FEN-induced decrease in central 5-HT. The present results indicate that doses of phentermine far above those typically administered to humans do not potentiate the 5-HT-depleting effect of repeated high-dose fenfluramine. Moreover, exposure to cocaine does not significantly alter the long-term neurochemical actions of the PHEN/FEN mixture.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1996 May
PMID:Effects of phentermine and cocaine on fenfluramine-induced depletion of serotonin in mouse brain. 879 12

The objective of this study was to determine whether phenolic constituents present in red wine and grape juice modulate plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in healthy human subjects. All subjects consumed in random order 375 ml of red or white wine per day or 500 ml of two different grape juices (high and low phenols) per day for periods of 4 weeks separated by 2-week periods of abstention while continuing normal activity and food intake, and their normal lives in a community setting. The subjects were 24 healthy males aged 26-45 years screened by clinical examination and laboratory tests to exclude hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and obesity, among others. Fasting blood was collected at the beginning and end of each beverage schedule for analysis of lipids and lipoproteins. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in response to each beverage were measured to determine whether these were altered by red wine and grape juice phenolics independently of the effects of ethanol. Both grape juices had virtually no effect. Red and white wines raised plasma HDL-cholesterol and apo A-I and apo A-II concentrations as well as the apo A-I:apo B ratio to a similar extent. Red wine also raised plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations. Neither wine affected plasma apo B or apo (a) concentrations. The favourable effects of wines in modulating plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations are probably due to their alcohol content and cannot be reproduced by grape juices.
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PMID:Wine: does the colour count? 881 66

To investigate associations of alcohol intake to constitutional and biochemical variables, cross-sectional studies of men aged 40-59 years from six geographical and occupational populations with varied lifestyles were conducted in the 1990's. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, HDL-cholesterol, and uric acid were linearly associated with alcohol intake in all six populations. Drinkers of 2+ drinks (46 g ethanol or more) per day showed higher levels of triglyceride, glutamic pyruvic transaminase than never-drinkers. In two urban occupational populations, men who mainly drank beer had higher uric acid levels; men mainly drinking sake had higher blood pressures and lower serum total cholesterol; men mainly drinking whiskey had higher obesity indices. These differences in constitutional and biochemical variables related to type of alcoholic beverage consumed may be due to differences in lifestyles such as diet and physical activity.
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PMID:[The relation of alcohol intake to constitutional and biochemical variables in Japanese populations]. 890 Dec 13

The A1 (minor) allele of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene has been shown to be associated with alcoholism, particularly the severe form of this disorder. This allele has also been found to be involved in a variety of other substance use disorders including, cocaine and nicotine dependence, polysubstance abuse and obesity. Moreover, reduced dopaminergic function has been found in subjects carrying the DRD2 A1 allele, suggesting that the DRD2 may be a reinforcement or reward gene. Analysis of the available data suggests that the DRD2 variants represent one of the most prominent single-gene determinants of susceptibility to severe alcoholism and other substance use disorders. However, environmental factors and other genes must, in combination, play the larger role.
Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1994
PMID:Polymorphisms of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism and other substance use disorders. 897 14

Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for liver disease in a number of cross-sectional studies. We investigated the association of biochemical livers tests (BLTs) among male employees of The Dow Chemical Company who had participated in two consecutive health surveillance examinations. The activity of three liver enzymes-alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase were used as measures of liver injury. Body mass index was strongly associated with increased enzyme activity in both examinations. Alcohol consumption was similarly associated with higher BLT results. Body mass index remained significantly associated with each BLT after controlling for alcohol consumption, race, and age. When changes in BLTs were investigated over time, the employees who gained weight showed a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase activity compared with those who did not gain weight.
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PMID:Liver enzyme activity and body mass index. 897 16

The obese Zucker rat is an animal model of genetically inherited obesity demonstrating remarkable hyperphagia. In the present study, to try to clarify the relationship between obesity and gastric function including gastric mucosal integrity, the gastric acid secretion, emptying, and mucosal resistance against ulcerogenic agents were compared in lean and obese Zucker rats. Male lean and obese Zucker rats were housed at 25 degrees C under 12-hr/12-hr lighting cycle (on at 7:00 AM). The gastric acid output of obese Zucker rats was markedly smaller than that of lean Zucker rats, whereas there was no significant difference in gastric emptying in both groups. The degree of mucosal lesion formation induced by ulcerogenic agents was assessed by measuring the total length of all mucosal lesions observed (ulcer index; mm). The intragastric administration of indomethacin (20 mg/kg) produced hemorrhagic mucosal lesions in both lean and obese groups of Zucker rats, but the ulcer index was remarkably smaller in obese Zucker rats than that of their lean littermates (5.2 +/- 1.2 mm vs. 17.5 +/- 3.5 mm, mean +/- SEM, P < 0.01). In addition obese Zucker rats exhibited stronger resistance against the intragastric challenge of absolute ethanol (1 ml/rat), a necrotizing agent, with its ulcer index being 8.5 +/- 2.7 mm, compared with lean Zucker rats whose ulcer index was 26.4 +/- 5.4 mm (P < 0.01). The bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy decreased both gastric acid secretion and the ulcer index of indomethacin-induced gastric injury observed in both obese and lean Zucker rats, whereas there was no significant difference in the ulcer index of ethanol-induced gastric injury. These results suggest that obese Zucker rats exhibit enhanced resistance against ulcerogens and decreased acid output. It is also speculated that the vagal system might be involved in inhibition of acid secretion and formation of indomethacin ulcers in obese Zucker rats.
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PMID:[Pathophysiological study on the mucosal defense system of genetically obese Zucker rats]. 899 42


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