Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our previous studies have shown that a significant amount of the diamine derivative 131I-N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3- propanediamine (HIPDM) is taken up and retained by the normal pancreas. Therefore, we studied the uptake of [131I]HIPDM in various pathophysiological models in mice (chronic alcoholism, diabetes with beta-cell atrophy and obesity with beta-cell hypertrophy) and compared to 14C-L-Tryptophan (TRY) distribution in order to determine the factors influencing their pancreatic uptake. In normal animals, the pancreas uptake of TRY was generally higher than HIPDM. In diabetes, the relative concentration of both compounds was higher over the controls; however, in obesity, TRY showed lower accumulation than in controls while HIPDM showed no significant difference. Chronic ethanol (20%) ingestion increased TRY uptake in the pancreas compared to controls (36.88 +/- 3.21 vs. 30.03 +/- 4.17% ID/g; p less than 0.01) after 5 wk study period, but it decreased by 10 wk (22.36 +/- 0.95% ID/g; p less than 0.005). There were no significant changes in [131I]HIPDM distribution in alcoholics as compared to the controls. Radioiodinated HIPDM has potential advantages over [11C]TRY for pancreatic imaging since conventional imaging techniques can be employed. Our data, however, suggest that 11C-L-TRY is a more sensitive indicator of various pancreatic disorders.
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PMID:Comparative dual-tracer studies of carbon-14 tryptophan and iodine-131 HIPDM in animal models of pancreatic diseases. 250 48

Previous work showed that obesity in the average human male is not due to increased caloric intake. To test the hypothesis that 'social' ethanol consumption causes obesity by a hepatotoxic mechanism, the relationships between alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and body build were investigated in 816 adult patients, 491 males and 325 females. A large part of the Broca index variance could be explained by hepatic damage as reflected by the GGT level. The higher the GGT, the more overweight were the subjects. Hyperinsulinemia may be the pathogenetic link; insulin is the strongest known blocker of lipolysis. Almost the total variation of obesity with GGT, however, occurred in the range of GGT up to 25 U/l, which is usually, but nevertheless erroneously, considered to be the normal range. This effect was independent of sex and age. Normal GGT is below 10 U/l, which is found on average in females aged less than 20 years. Females tolerate less alcohol than males. Although GGT is as high in females as in males around age 30, males drink about three times as much ethanol. For the same GGT the Broca index is significantly higher in females than in males. GGT generally increases with age; maximum GGT is reached in females in the age group 21-40 years (due to the change in drinking habits around 1968), declining thereafter; in males at age 50. Obesity per se is not correlated with a high GGT. In the females there are hormonal factors influencing obesity. Although in the females GGT decreases on average after age 40, obesity increases (due to the decrease in estrogens). After age 50 ethanol tolerance in males decreases: they reduce their alcohol consumption, and yet the GGT remains high. -Cigarette smoking is a factor which independently influences obesity. Although people who smoke tend also to drink more alcohol, smokers are significantly leaner than nonsmokers. On average males smoke about twice as heavily as females; this contributes to the fact that on average males are leaner than females despite their higher alcohol consumption. Due to lower consumption the influence of ethanol and smoking on body build is smaller in females than in males.
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PMID:Alcohol, smoking and body build: obesity as a result of the toxic effect of 'social' alcohol consumption. 257 71

Portal blood flow was measured by means of direct bolus imaging (DBI), a method of measuring flow velocity with magnetic resonance imaging. DBI allows immediate visualization of fluid movement, thereby enabling calculation of a flow velocity from fluid displacement. In a study of 14 healthy male volunteers, portal blood flow was measured with electrocardiographic gating during the 18 seconds subjects could suspend respiration. These measurements showed a close correlation (r = .968) with those obtained by means of Doppler ultrasound (US). Increases in portal blood flow after oral administration of ethanol and glucose were measured with DBI. Glucose caused a statistically greater increase in portal blood flow volume in healthy control subjects than in patients with chronic hepatitis. Blood sugar, on the other hand, showed a significantly greater increase in these patients, possibly reflecting the greater vascular resistance of the liver. DBI is a useful noninvasive method of measuring portal blood flow without the limitations imposed on Doppler US by obesity and intestinal gas.
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PMID:Portal blood flow: measurement with MR imaging. 268 71

The relationships among high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and other serum lipid items, and active smoking, passive smoking, obesity, alcohol drinking and working status were investigated. This study was performed both in healthy adults and in schoolchildren. The adult group was sampled at random from those who were diagnosed to be healthy by medical examination at the Automated Multiphasic Health Testing and Services Center in Tokai University Hospital, and the schoolchildren group was selected with regular health examinations in a primary school in Tokyo. In the case of adults, it was found that the greater the value of triglyceride (TG), the greater the number of cigarettes smoked. On the other hand, HDL-C decreased with increasing cigarette smoking. Obesity level increased with increasing values of TG, total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) but in the case of HDL-C, the value decreased. Alcohol drinking made the HDL-C level increase. Although the HDL-C level increased slightly with obesity, the relationship between HDL-C and passive smoking was not clear in the case of schoolchildren.
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PMID:[An epidemiological study on the relationships among HDL-cholesterol, smoking and obesity]. 281 Aug 73

The risk of endometrial cancer in relation to nutrition and frequency of consumption of a few selected dietary items was evaluated in a case-control study of 206 patients with endometrial cancer and 206 control subjects with acute conditions unrelated to any of the established or potential risk factors for endometrial cancer. Obesity was strongly and positively associated with the risk of endometrial cancer, and several conditions related to body weight, such as early menarche, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension were more common in cases. The risk of endometrial cancer was elevated in subjects reporting (on a subjective basis) greater fat (butter, margarine, and oil) intake (relative risk estimate for the higher compared to the lower scores equals 5.65, with 95% confidence interval of 2.76-11.55). Cases reported less frequent intake of green vegetables, fruit, and whole-grain foods: thus, the risk of endometrial cancer appeared inversely related to indices of beta-carotene and fiber intake. Furthermore, cases consumed milk, liver and fish less frequently than controls. No significant difference was noted between cases and controls in the frequency of intake of carrots, meat, eggs, ham, and cheese. Alcohol consumption was somewhat larger among the cases, but this trend in risk was not significant. Dietary information collected in this study probably is too limited and inconsistent to permit analysis of biologic correlates of these findings or discussion of their potential implications in terms of prevention on a public health scale. Nonetheless, the mere existence of differences in reported diet between endometrial cancer cases and controls is of interest, and may warrant further, more detailed investigation.
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PMID:Nutrition and diet in the etiology of endometrial cancer. 300

The association between alcohol consumption and breast cancer was investigated in a case-control study involving 1,524 cases and 1,896 controls identified through a nationwide screening program. Ever drinking alcohol was not associated with any substantial increase in risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.1; 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 1.0-1.3], but there was a significant trend in risk with increasing average weekly intake (P less than .04). Women who had one or fewer drinks daily (83% of all drinkers) did not experience any excess risk compared to nondrinkers, but significant excess risks were observed among those who drank from 1 to 2 (OR = 1.3; 95% Cl = 1.0-1.7) or more than 2 (OR = 1.7; 95% Cl = 1.2-2.4) drinks a day. An increased risk associated with alcohol consumption was evident only for those who drank at younger ages (less than 30 yr), regardless of current consumption. Alcohol effects were adjusted for a variety of factors, including reproductive history, were adjusted for a variety of factors, including reproductive history, socioeconomic indicators, and obesity, but none exerted any appreciable confounding influence. The results support an association between moderate alcohol consumption in early life and subsequent breast cancer risk, although interpretation should be cautious in the absence of dietary information.
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PMID:Alcohol consumption and breast cancer. 310 48

The obese overfed rat effectively models many of the pharmacological changes in human obesity. Recent data show that the obese rat is unusually susceptible to liver damage by several metabolically activated drugs that may be more toxic in obese humans. Results of the present study suggest a specific molecular locus for this interaction. In obese rats, P450 content of liver and the microsomal concentration of P450 were elevated 88% and 31%, respectively, over nonobese controls. Increases in microsomal ethanol oxidation were of identical magnitude. The ethanol-inducible form of P450 that is responsible for microsomal ethanol oxidation, P450IIE1, bioactivates several drugs that are shown to cause increased injury in obese rats. Collectively, these findings indicate that specific forms of P450 may become up-regulated in obesity, increasing the risk of a biochemically defined spectrum of drug-induced organ injuries.
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PMID:Obesity as a risk factor for drug-induced organ injury. VI. Increased hepatic P450 concentration and microsomal ethanol oxidizing activity in the obese overfed rat. 319 41

An association between alcohol consumption, blood pressure levels and the prevalence of hypertension has been described in close to twenty population studies. The relationship is independent of ethnic group, gender, type of alcohol, cigarette smoking and obesity, but additive to effects of obesity and oral contraceptive use. Several studies show a progressive rise in blood pressure throughout the entire range of alcohol consumption. Reports indicating a threshold for the effect at around 30 g ethanol per day (three standard drinks) may be artefactual due to underreporting of drinking levels. Drinkers consuming an average of 3 or more glasses per day have three to four times the prevalence of "hypertension" compared with teetotallers. A randomized, controlled trial of moderating alcohol consumption in normotensives has confirmed a direct pressor action of alcohol and is supported by studies in hypertensives. These observations have important implications for the prevention and management of essential hypertension in most communities.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1987
PMID:Epidemiology of alcohol and hypertension. 331 May 50

About 90 per cent of morbidly obese patients show histological abnormalities of the liver. One third of patients have fatty change involving more than 50 per cent of hepatocytes. Fatty liver disease can be divided into four histological groups: Fatty liver, fatty hepatitis, fatty liver with portal fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Most patients show only fatty change. Alcohol, drugs, diabetes, poor nutrition, and weight-reducing surgery contribute to progressive liver damage, but morbid obesity alone may lead to severe disease showing all the features of alcoholic hepatitis and may end in cirrhosis and liver failure. The accumulation of fat alone is unlikely to be the stimulus to inflammation and fibrosis. Only one fifth of patients have complaints that arise from the liver. The development of severe fatty liver disease may also be asymptomatic and rarely shows the florid picture associated with alcoholic hepatitis. There is poor correlation of liver function test results with morphology in obesity. ALT levels exceeding twice the normal limit have some predictive value for histological grades of severity, but they are present in few patients. Pericentral and pericellular fibrosis in prebypass liver biopsies may be an important prognostic lesion for the development of fatty hepatitis and cirrhosis. In contrast with the frequent progression to massive fatty change, inflammation and fibrosis after bypass surgery, weight loss by low-calorie dieting, or starvation is accompanied by improvement in fatty change and return of liver function tests to normal.
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PMID:Fatty liver disease in morbid obesity. 331 4

Descriptive data on high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the black urban population of the United States are limited. We examined 119 men and 130 women aged 21-70 years who were attending a screening clinic at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, in 1985-1986 for minor complaints; all participants were black. For men, lipid values were: total cholesterol, 209.5 +/- 50.6, HDL cholesterol, 55.2 +/- 16.5; for women, values were: total cholesterol, 215.6 +/- 47.4, HDL cholesterol, 59.2 +/- 17.2. Correlates of HDL cholesterol were different in men and women. Alcohol consumption and body mass index were significantly related to HDL cholesterol in men; however, education was the only significant factor among women. It was anticipated that the increased obesity among the women in this sample (mean body mass index, 31 kg/m2; range, 18.4-50.0 kg/m2) compared with men (mean body mass index, 27 kg/m2; range, 19.4-45.0 kg/m2) would explain part of the narrowing of the gap between the sexes in HDL cholesterol values. The association between HDL cholesterol and body mass index among women, however, was weak and nonsignificant. The increased susceptibility of black women to coronary artery disease has not been adequately explained and undoubtedly reflects a complicated interaction of epidemiologic factors.
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PMID:Sex differences in high density lipoprotein cholesterol in urban blacks. 335 42


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