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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is constant per cell in diploid tissues and in polyploid tissues the DNA content and the cytoplasm increase commensurately. In muscle the DNA unit (protein/DNA) was described on the assumption that each nucleus has jurisdiction over a certain volume of cytoplasm. Such an approach allows a sensible interpretation of metabolic data. Since 66-70% of nuclei are within myofibres muscle represents a reasonably homogeneous tissue. A brief historical review is made concerning the use of DNA as a cell constant. The application of this knowledge to normal human somatic growth and to disease states is considered as well as reduced nutrition and overnutrition. The consequences of reduced nutrition as it related to brain growth are briefly mentioned as is our 7 year study on the fetal primate (Macaca mulatta). Attention is focussed on our work in the early 1960's concerning the role of insulin and growth hormone on the DNA unit. In the last decade this work culminated in the close study of the Little Mouse with isolated growth hormone deficiency--thus exposing the panhypopituitary model (the human pituitary dwarf, Snell Smith mouse or hypophysectomised rat) as non-optimal models. The findings indicate that growth hormone is indeed related to cell replication and insulin to cytoplasmic growth in the postnatal period but the role of other hormones is clearly important, augmenting or opposing these hormones. The concept of constant change of the DNA unit not only applies to major tissues such as muscle but to the study of kidney growth when the contralateral kidney is removed (renal compensatory growth). Species differences are noted in the pattern of cell growth in muscle, but emphasis is placed on cell replication rather than on cytoplasmic growth in the primate. Restriction of protein energy metabolism mainly affects cytoplasmic growth of muscle but restoration of growth to expected levels is the rule. Overnutrition and obesity relate to excessive growth of DNA units in number rather than size. Attention is drawn to factors other than calories, proteins and hormones that influence hormonal actions viz. trace metals such as zinc, chromium and vanadium. The cell mass of the body can readily be reached by relatively non-invasive methods and by monitoring the intracellular water. Muscle mass can be precisely measured by creatinine excretion. The cell mass of muscle constitutes 70% of the entire cell mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The control of cell mass and replication. The DNA unit--a personal 20-year study. 391 56

The diagnosis of necrosis and its extent in acute necrotizing pancreatitis is one main problem in establishing criteria for possible pancreatectomy. With this in mind a clinicopathological analysis was carried out on 54 patients who had undergone pancreatic resection for acute necrotizing pancreatitis. The macroscopic appearance of the gland correlated poorly with its histology. Parenchymal necrosis varied from 0 to 100 per cent of the resected specimen though all the glands were considered totally or subtotally necrotic. In the clinicobiochemical status no criteria were found determining the extent of necrosis. Obesity, hypotension, hypocalcaemia and elevated serum creatinine in severely ill patients (as determined by Ranson criteria) strongly supported extensive peripancreatic and septal necrosis; however, 38 per cent of patients developed necrosis without those stigmata. While waiting for new methods to determine necrosis we prefer conservative treatment. In contrast to our previous tactics we think that resection should be limited to extreme cases in order to avoid resection of glands with limited necrosis and thus mainly reversible parenchymal damage.
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PMID:Determination of necrosis in necrotizing pancreatitis. 397 85

Six subjects with normal weight (mean weight = 62 kg) and six obese subjects (mean weight = 140 kg) were given a single intravenous cimetidine infusion of 600 mg over 10 to 15 minutes. Both groups of subjects had normal serum creatinine levels and were matched with respect to age, desirable body weight, height, renal function, and sex. Compared with subjects of normal weight, obese subjects had higher cimetidine systemic (1147 and 637 ml/min) and renal (808 and 318 ml/min) clearances. Volume of distribution at steady state was of the same order for the two groups (82 and 84 L), but the t 1/2 was shorter in the obese group (1.2 and 1.9 hr). Obese subjects had lower cimetidine sulfoxide serum concentrations and greater cimetidine sulfoxide renal clearance (856 and 509 ml/min). Cimetidine systemic clearance and cimetidine sulfoxide renal clearance values were of the same order in the two groups when normalized by the value of weight raised to the 0.76 and 0.5 powers. Under the assumptions of an average weight of 70 kg and that average serum concentrations produced by cimetidine, 300 mg iv every 6 hours, are appropriate, people with normal renal function and body weight usually receive 48 mg/day/weight0.76. This same dosage in obese individuals with normal serum creatinine values should result in the same average steady-state serum concentrations. In our obese subjects, the mean cimetidine dose would have been approximately 500 mg iv every 6 hours.
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PMID:Cimetidine clearance in the obese. 397 4

The association between massive obesity and nephrotic syndrome has been rarely reported. We herein describe a patient with massive obesity (209 kg) and nephrotic proteinuria who had a normal renal biopsy. The patient was initially polycythemic and had a supranormal creatinine clearance. After losing 89 kg, his hemoglobin and creatinine clearance returned to normal, and proteinuria decreased to 300 mg/24 h. We postulated that increases in glomerular hydrostatic pressure may result in local alterations of glomerular basement membrane sieving characteristics (biologic membrane thixotropy) with resultant nephrotic proteinuria. Prompt remission of proteinuria with weight loss supports a reversible glomerular hemodynamic alteration as a mechanism for the proteinuria of massive obesity.
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PMID:Massive obesity and nephrotic proteinuria with a normal renal biopsy. 400 Mar 54

We measured the blood pressure of 1226 patients with newly diagnosed maturity-onset diabetes, age 25 to 65 years (mean 52 years), mean fasting plasma glucose 11.4 mmol/L. Forty percent of males and 53% of females had hypertension by the World Health Organization criteria of either having blood pressure more than 160/95 mm Hg or receiving hypotensive therapy. Male patients were less obese than female patients (21% and 40% over ideal weight respectively) and a mean 1.3 years younger. Blood pressure was higher in women than men, but it was not significantly greater if age and obesity were taken into account. Twenty-three percent of men and 42% of women had already been informed they were hypertensive, and 12% of men and 26% of women were already receiving hypotensive therapy. The prevalence of hypertension in diabetic white patients was greater than that reported in a sex- and age-matched healthy population. The blood pressure of those taking diuretics was not significantly greater than that of untreated patients, but the 8% of men and 13% of women receiving other hypotensive drugs still had significantly higher blood pressure than the untreated patients. Both patients treated by diuretics and those treated by other hypotensive agents had significantly higher mean plasma urea and creatinine concentrations than untreated patients. This may have been induced by therapy, but one cannot exclude the possibility that treated patients already had renal impairment from diabetic, hypertensive, or other pathology.
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PMID:United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study. III. Prevalence of hypertension and hypotensive therapy in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. A multicenter study. 407 42

Blood-pressure and associated factors were compared in tribal and urban Xhosa people of Southern Africa. In the urban group blood-pressures were high and rose significantly with age whereas in the tribal group they were low and rose little with age. Indices of obesity including weight, skin-fold thickness, and ponderal index were significantly greater in urban dwellers and correlated strongly with arterial pressure. Dietary sodium and urine-sodium/creatinine ratio were significantly higher in the urban people, but there was no within-population relationship between either dietary sodium or urine-sodium/creatinine ratio and blood-pressure. Plasma-noradrenaline, an index of sympathetic activity, was similar in both populations, as was plasma-renin activity. Low plasma-renin was common and may be genetically determined. Diet and obesity may contribute to the rise in arterial pressure that is a consequence of urbanisation.
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PMID:Blood-pressure and its correlates in urban and tribal Africa. 610 45

Several previous studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of gout in New Zealand Maoris. The aetiology of the hyperuricaemia and its effect on morbidity, apart from gout, are unknown. A survey of 115 Maori men of working age revealed a history of gout in 10 (8%) and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia in 26 (23%). The relationship of hyperuricaemia with obesity was confirmed. Alcohol did not make an obvious contribution to the prevalence of hyperuricaemia. Hypertension was more common and creatinine clearance lower amongst those with gout, but not significantly so. The frequency of hypertension and mean creatinine clearance were similar to that seen in asymptomatic hyperuricaemia and normouricaemia. Urate clearance was lower in the gouty and hyperuricaemic subjects. The normouricaemic Maoris had a reduced fractional urate clearance compared with normal men elsewhere. They also excreted a relatively small proportion of hydrogen as ammonium. Both these features are characteristic of gout, and suggest that the Maoris' susceptibility to hyperuricaemia has a renal mechanism. Obesity is common amongst the Maoris and accentuates their natural tendency to hyperuricaemia.
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PMID:Hyperuricaemia, gout and kidney function in New Zealand Maori men. 648 33

Interrelationships among blood pressure (BP), sodium (Na), potassium (K), dietary protein, and serum cholesterol level (Chol) were examined in 62% (1120) of 1818 Japanese inhabitants of both sexes aged over 30 years who lived in a rural village in Japan. Fasting single-spot urine specimens were collected in the morning to measure Na, K, urea nitrogen (UN), inorganic sulfate (SO4), and creatinine (Cr). The Cr ratios of Na, K, UN, SO4, Na/K, and SO4/UN were analyzed by multiple regression analysis to determine independent associations with BP together with age, obesity index, hematocrit (Hct), Chol, triglyceride (TG), and fasting serum glucose level (Glu). Except for Na/Cr in men, Na/Cr and Na/K were found to be independently and positively related to BP, particularly to systolic BP (SBP). In contrast, K/Cr and SO4/UN (an index related to the dietary score of sulphur-containing amino acids derived mainly from animal protein) were both negatively associated with SBP, and UN/Cr (an index of total protein intake) was positively associated with SBP in men. Chol was linked to BP negatively in men but positively in women. Age, obesity index, TG, and Hct were generally positively and significantly related to BP in both sexes. The results confirmed on epidemiological grounds the positive link of Na and the negative link of K to BP within a single population in Japan. They further suggest, although only in men, that there is a negative relationship of Chol and dietary animal protein with BP.
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PMID:Interrelationships between blood pressure, sodium, potassium, serum cholesterol, and protein intake in Japanese. 650 Jun 79

The authors describe the use of a microcomputer to evaluate an existing dosage regimen and to determine a new regimen and steady-state peak and trough levels for four aminoglycoside antibiotics--amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and tobramycin. The microcomputer program is based on a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model for the aminoglycosides. It accounts for patients' sex, age, height, obesity, and ascitic compartment. The program is divided into seven subprograms for each of the four aminoglycosides: (1) steady-state peak and trough levels are predicted, based on serum creatinine for a given dosage regimen; (2) a dosage regimen that conforms to 6, 8, 12, 16, or 24 hours is ascertained, based on serum creatinine; (3) a dosage regimen is determined, on the basis of serum creatinine, for desired steady-state peak and trough levels; (4) a dosage regimen that conforms to 6, 8, 12, 16, or 24 hours is ascertained for given aminoglycoside serum levels; (5) a dosage regimen for desired peak and trough levels is ascertained for given aminoglycoside serum levels; (6) a dosage regimen that conforms to 6, 8, 12, 16, or 24 hours is ascertained from data collected using Sawchuk's and Zaske's method; and (7) a dosage regimen, estimated for desired peak and trough levels, is estimated from data collected using Sawchuk's and Zaske's method.
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PMID:Aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics on a microcomputer. 668 53

Glucagon has been shown to lower blood lipids and to decrease food intake and body weight in short-term studies in man and animals. There is evidence of decreased secretion of glucagon in human obesity. The Zucker obese rat suffers from a genetic type of obesity and has an absolute reduction in circulating glucagon concentration. The effect of long-term administration of glucagon on the body weight in obese Zucker rats was studied. Glucagon caused a marked (-20%) reduction of body weight in obese Zucker rats with no change in feed intake. Urine glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and ketone content, as well as serum triglyceride, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and insulin levels remained unchanged. Weights of perirenal fat, kidneys, and heart also remained unchanged. However, glucagon injection in obese Zucker rats caused significant decrease in serum glucose, and increases in SGOT, liver weight, and liver lipid and glycogen content. Further investigations are needed concerning the safety of chronic glucagon administration for weight control.
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PMID:Suppression of weight gain by glucagon in obese Zucker rats. 672 36


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