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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study attempted to replicate and extend two recent studies that implicated aberrant brain 5-HT neurotransmission in the etiology of overeating and BW grain. Adult female rats received 25 mg/kg of desipramine hydrochloride 30--45 min prior to an intracisternal injection of 200 microgram (free base) of 5,7-DHT creatinine sulfate or its 1% ascorbic acid aqueous vehicle. After 7 weeks of measuring food intake, water intake, and BW change, rats from both groups received radiofrequency lesions of the MH or sham surgery. After 5 additional weeks of intake and BW measurements, all rats were tested for 24-hr acceptance of varying sucrose and quinine solutions and for 25-day acceptance of a high-fat replacement diet. While 5,7-DHT depleted brain 5-HT by 45%, it did not induce overeating and BW gain alone nor did it modify the overeating, obesity, or "finickiness" produced by hypothalamic injury. Several factors that relate to specificity, sufficiency, and compatibility with other 5-HT depletory techniques were discussed, as were factors of similarity and dissimilarity between this and the previous experiments that we attempted to replicate.
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PMID:Effects of central 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on the medical hypothalamic syndrome in rats. 28 Feb 59

The prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical occlusive arterial disease and of risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis was assessed in 21 patients with chronic renal failure, 27 on maintenance haemodialysis and 51 renal allograft recipients. Clinical occlusive arterial disease was present in 27 patients, and sub-clinical arterial disease in 34. Myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis and lower limb arterial thrombosis had occurred only in the transplant recipients; these patients had, however, been followed for a longer period of time than the other two groups. In the allograft recipients, the cumulative incidence of any occlusive arterial disease was 416 per 1000, and that of coronary heart disease was 267 per 1000 at six years. Hypertension was present in 76 per cent of patients prior to renal replacement therapy. Following institution of definitive therapy, hypertension was of shorter duration and less common in haemodialysis patients than in renal transplant recipients. Uraemic and haemodialysis patients with occlusive arterial disease had required antihypertensive medication for significantly longer than those free of arterial disease. Transplant recipients with hypertension had a greater mean serum creatinine, were receiving a larger maintenance dosage of corticosteroids and less frequently had undergone prior bilateral nephrectomy than those transplant patients without hypertension. Serum lipid levels were elevated in 62 per cent of patients. In the uraemic and haemodialysis patients hypertriglyceridaemia was the predominant abnormality while in the transplant recipients combined hypertriglyceridaemia/hypercholesterolaemia was more frequent. Despite regular aluminium hydroxide therapy 81 per cent of uraemic and haemodialysis patients had a calcium X phosphate product higher than normal. Arterial and/or soft tissue calcification as demonstrable in 20-38 per cent of patients within each group, but could not be related to the calcium X phosphate product of radiographic evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Glucose intolerance was present in 71 per cent of the uraemic and haemodialysis patients and 33 per cent of the transplant recipients. Hyperuricaemia, cigarette smoking, obesity and a sedentary existence were also prevalent. The majority of patients had several risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Occlusive arterial disease is a major problem in patients with end stage renal disease, being no less common after transplantation than with long-term maintenance dialysis. The aetiology is multifactorial.
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PMID:Occlusive arterial disease in uraemic and haemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. A study of the incidence of arterial disease and of the prevalence of risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. 32 93

We have evaluated the incidence, long term evolution and pathogenesis of posttransplant hyperlipidaemia (HL) in 88 transplanted patients without nephrotic syndrome followed for 2 to 13 years by the same staff. Incidence of HL decreased strikingly over the years from 51% at 2 years to 25% at 10 years. This fall was due solely to the return to normal of the lipid profile in 13 patients between 2 and 8 years after transplantation. This progressive decrease should be taken into account when the frequency of posttransplantation dyslipaemia is assessed. The incidence of hyperlipidaemia increases with age. Above 40 years, hyperlipidaemia is more frequent in females than in males. Obesity and reduced renal function are both associated with a higher incidence of dyslipaemia. No relationship was found between lipid disorders and either steroid dosage or fasting blood glucose levels. Dyslipaemia appears thus to be due to the interplay of several factors. Normalisation of the lipid profile occurred in 13 patients without significant decrease in bodyweight, serum creatinine or prednisone dosage. At 8 years atheromatous lesions were not more frequent in dyslipaemic than in normolipaemic subjects.
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PMID:The evolution of hyperlipidaemia late after renal transplantation. 39 4

Hyperuricaemia was present in 18 out of 73 men with untreated mild hypertension and was related significantly to alcohol intake, serum aspartate transaminase activity, and obesity. In the whole group the mean serum urate concentration correlated highly significantly with alcohol intake and activities of serum aspartate and alanine transferases but not with ponderal index, serum creatinine concentration, age, or blood pressure. Hypertension and hyperuricaemia are related at least in part through their common association with frequent alcohol use. A serum urate concentration exceeding 0.5 mmol/l (8--4 mg/100 ml) in a man with untreated hypertension is highly suggestive of heavy alcohol consumption. There was no evidence that hyperuricaemia had a deleterious effect on renal function.
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PMID:Hyperuricaemia in hypertension: role of alcohol. 43 9

Resting metabolic rate was measured in 22 women with varying degrees of obesity. Body composition was estimated from total body potassium and from total body water, and creatinine excretion in urine was measured over a period of three weeks while the patients were on a creatinine and creatine-free reducing diet. Resting metabolic rate was highly significantly correlated with body weight, surface area, creatinine excretion and lean body mass calculated either from potassium or water measurements (P less than 0.001). Correlation with adipose tissue was less strong, and when multiple regression of both fat and lean on metabolic rate was performed, the relationship was seen to depend mostly on the mass of lean rather than adipose tissue. In obese people the water content of fat-free tissue is greater than that in normal subjects, so it is not valid to assume that fat content can be calculated accurately from a measurement of total body water.
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PMID:Resting metabolic rate, weight, surface area and body composition in obese women. 52 17

Recently in Japan, it has been observed that the physical dimensions of schoolboys and schoolgirls, specifically stature and body weight, are increasing year by year, and that spurts in increase in dimensions tend to happen earlier. The phenomena of accelerated growth are resulting in more obesity and leanness in childhood. Skinfold thickness, body density, body fat and lean body mass estimated from body density, creatinine excretion in the 24-hour urine, and muscular volume calculated from creatinine excretion were studied in obese children and normal children of 10 and 11 years of age, and the difference in the skinfold thickness by sec, age, and district in school children in five districts in southern Kyushu (1,002 boys and 931 girls) were examined. Reference was then made to the skinfold thickness of some of experienced and new sumo wrestlers of the Japan Professional Sumo Association whose nutrition intake is high and who show high ratios of diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases. The results of the present study were also compared with the results of skinfold thickness measurements of children in Ghana and Kenya and those of the skinfold thickness and body composition measurements of Czechoslovakian children.
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PMID:On the body composition of obese children and in particular, sexual, age, and regional differences of skinfold thickness. 75 44

The following methods for determining the body composition of obese individuals were compared: hydrostatic weighing; determination of total body water (distribution of antipyrine and of tritium oxide); determination of the total potassium content of the body; determination of the amount of excreted creatinine. The values for body fat which derived from the body density, from the total potassium content and from the distribution of antipyrine differed only to a small extent. These differences were not significant. But the value based on tritium oxide distribution differed significantly. The study of the body composition of obese individuals has clearly shown that the increase in body weight is significantly correlated with the increase in the proportion of fat in the body (r=0.444), with the increase in the absolute fat content (r=+0.898) and also with the increase in the proportion of lean body mass (r=0.826). Not only the fat (61.2%) but also the lean body mass (38.8%) contributes to the weight increase of obese individuals. The quantitative determination of the fat content of the body and of the fat-free substance not only serves to specify the diagnosis of obesity (in particular, it permits to detect the so-called latent obesity) but is also the basis of the assessment of certain function, e.g., energy metabolism. The effectiveness of different methods for losing weight may be evaluated by repeated determinations of the fat content and for the lean body mass.
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PMID:[Possibilities for determining body composition of man in relation to obesity]. 82 Sep 99

In a survey renal changes in human obesity as well as in experimental obesity of laboratory animals are discussed. Own results are described about a comparison of biochemical and morphological studies on an experimental model of dietary-induced obesity after long-time feeding of a high-fat diet. Obese rats show normal concentrations of plasma proteins after feeding of a high-fat diet of some weeks. Urea-nitrogen levels are not modified as compared to control animals. Despite the mean levels of creatinine concentration in the dynamic and static phase of obesity are not different, some obese rats show increased creatinine values in the dynamic phase. Our histological studies reveal no pathological abnormalities of renal structures and blood vessels.
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PMID:[Kidney changes in experimental obesity]. 87 30

Cardiovascular risk factors were determined among two similar groups of telephone executives in Tokyo, Japan and New York City, USA. Both historical and electrocardiographic evidence pointed to a marked excess of coronary heart disease among American executives compared with their Japanese counterparts. In keeping with this finding, the Americans ate diets higher in animal fat, were fatter, and had higher serum cholesterol values but lower triglyceride levels. Mean blood pressures were slightly higher among the Japanese, and showed a greater increase with age. Urinary sodium/creatinine ratios were much higher among the Japanese, suggesting a higher salt intake. Cigarette smoking was more common among the Japanese. A review of other comparative studies between Japanese and Americans indicated that the only risk factors uniformly consistent with the frequency of coronary heart disease in the two countries were dietary fat, obesity, and serum cholesterol.
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PMID:Cardiovascular risk factors among Japanese and American telephone executives. 89 71

The authors investigated in rats with dietarily-induced obesity certain biochemical parameters of the blood plasma as well as body and organ weights during the dynamic and the static phase of obesity development. They determined total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen and transaminases. After 4-5 weeks, the animals on a high-diet (50% of fat) had body weights which were, on an average, by 90% higher than those of the control animals. This difference persisted during the static phase. In the animals on a high-fat diet, body length was greater. The high-fat diet (which contains a great proportion of sunflower oil) leads to a decrease of the plasma cholesterol level in obese rats. The plasma-protein bodies, creatinine and urea nitrogen values as well as those for transaminases permit, as parameters for function and damage, to draw conclusions as to kidney and liver damages in the animals on high-fat diet. There were no differences in plasma protein between the control and experimental animals. On the contrary, obese rats showed in some cases high creatinine concentrations during the dynamic phase. Differences in urea nitrogen were not observed between the two groups of animals. Increases in alanine aminotransferase were found in the animals on high-fat diet as a manifestation of fatty degeneration of the liver. A synopsis of weight curves, biochemical parameters and histological findings permits the conclusion that, besides of dietarily-induced metabolic alterations, no additional organic lesions occurred during the present animal experiment on dietarily-induced obesity.
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PMID:[Biochemical parameters of blood plasma, and body and organ weights of Wistar rats with dietarily-induced experimental obesity]. 95 62


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