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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has become evident from a series of epidemiologic studies that an association exists between regular use of large amounts of alcoholic beverages and hypertension. In most studies, regular intake of smaller amounts of alcohol is not associated with hypertension but a possible threshold cannot be precisely defined at present. The relationship between alcohol and blood pressure is not attributable to demographic characteristics, obesity, reported salt use, smoking, or coffee use nor can it be explained by underreporting of alcohol consumption. If the relationship is causal then the pathogenesis is not yet firmly established. Multiple mechanisms, including direct effects of alcohol or of withdrawal from alcohol, are possible explanations. Alcohol shows a positive association with some sequelae of hypertension, but not to others. The most important exception is CHD, which is negatively associated with alcohol intake. Health professionals should not ignore the role of alcohol intake as a possible factor raising blood pressure in a certain proportion of hypertensive persons.
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PMID:The role of alcohol in the epidemiology of hypertension--is alcohol associated hypertension a common preventable disease? 639 87

The association between alcohol intake and blood pressure has been known for nearly 70 years. It was postulated that the alcohol blood pressure association was not causal but linked to common factors such as stress, obesity or salt intake. Recently large population studies have shown that the association is independent of these factors. Alcohol dependent persons have a high incidence of hypertension which is a common clinical problem. It is probably due to alcohol withdrawal and is mediated via increased cortisol and catecholamine production. Alcohol has also a direct effect causing arteriolar vasoconstriction. This direct effect may result from an alcohol associated alteration of intracellular Ca in arteriolar smooth muscle leading to supersensitivity to circulating pressor agents.
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PMID:The possible mechanisms of alcohol associated hypertension. 639 88

We propose a simple mathematical model to account for the coupling of secretion rates of bile salts, lecithin, and cholesterol into bile. The model assumes that: 1) molecules of "biliary" lecithin and cholesterol enter a functional compartment located in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocyte from which they are secreted into bile, and in the case of cholesterol, also catabolized to bile salts; 2) the rates at which lecithin and cholesterol enter the "secretory" compartment are regulated independently by feedback loops that control their synthesis and/or uptake; 3) lecithin secretion is coupled by an unknown transport mechanism, possibly micellar or vesicular, to the flux of bile salts passing through the compartment; 4) cholesterol secretion is coupled by a similar mechanism to lecithin secretion and not to bile salt secretion directly; and 5) bile salt synthesis is proportional to the cholesterol content of the compartment. The model predicts that in the steady state the dependences, lecithin secretion vs bile salt secretion; cholesterol secretion vs lecithin secretion; and cholesterol secretion vs bile salt secretion, will all have the form of rectangular hyperbolae. Four independent parameters related to the postulated mechanisms of biliary lipid synthesis, uptake, and transport determine the quantitative features of these hyperbolae. These four "secretion parameters" also determine how the biliary lipid composition of hepatic and "fasting" gallbladder bile varies with bile salt secretion rate. A quantitative analysis of biochemical and physiological data on biliary lipid secretion in rat, dog, and man confirms the general predictions of the model. Deductions of the secretion parameters are made for each species and are compared with other relevant data on biliary lipid metabolism. From this analysis, we offer new insights into: i) the species differences in biliary lipid secretion and bile composition; ii) the influence of obesity on biliary lipid secretion in man; and iii) the causes of cholesterol super-saturation in fasting gallbladder bile.
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PMID:Mathematical model of biliary lipid secretion: a quantitative analysis of physiological and biochemical data from man and other species. 649 40

A new FAO report on how to estimate the energy and protein requirements of individuals is imminent and has direct application to the management of obese patients. Energy needs, although variable form individual to individual, are reasonably stable unless gross overfeeding or prolonged semi-starvation occurs; unconscious appetite control is surprisingly important. No longer will energy needs be expressed per kg body weight, a reference point difficult to apply to obese subjects anyway. There are now equations for estimating basal metabolic rate (BMR) these can be appled to obese subjects to give BMR in MJ per day; for kcal from kJ divide by 4.184. The equations apply to all races although north Europeans and Americans tend to have high values and Indians low. An obese patient has a higher BMR than a normal person of the same height. Lean body mass is increased in obesity so some long term loss is inevitable with slimming and accounts for the persistent fall in BMR on weight loss. Energy and protein needs are just the beginning of dietary management. Obese patients are prone to cardiovascular and gall bladder disease. A low fat diet is important and a polyunsaturated: saturated ratio (P:S) of 0.5 to 1.0 is appropriate: higher ratios will exacerbate cholestasis in the biliary tract which can be precipitated by weight loss. New evidence suggests that cereal fibre intake is important for preventing secondary bile salt recycling from the colon with its effect on biliary cholesterol saturation. Therefore long term high cereal (not bran) fibre intakes are as important in obese patients as is a low fat diet. High carbohydrate diets produce a slightly higher metabolism rate than iso-energetic diets. Low sugar diets lead to slightly lower energy intakes. Trace element deficient diets can lead to obesity so the obese patient and his family should be advised and shown how to permanently adjust to a 'prudent' diet. The short term approach to management is usually a waste of time.
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PMID:Dietary aspects of obesity. 651 54

A novel anti-obesity agent which inhibits fatty acid synthesis and stimulates fatty acid oxidation is described. The hydrochloride salt of Ro 22-0654 (4-amino-5-ethyl-3-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl ester) is a potent inhibitor of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in rat-isolated hepatocytes. Hepatic fatty acid synthesis was inhibited in vivo in a dose-dependent fashion with a duration of action of approximately 8 h. Adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis was also inhibited in vivo. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis occurs without any apparent effect on several lipogenic enzymes, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate shunt. Ro 22-0654 also stimulated fatty acid oxidation (in vitro) and lipolysis (in vivo). In long-term studies (2 months), Ro 22-0654 decreased body weight gain in Sprague Dawley and genetically-obese Zucker rats. Food intake was decreased following a single dose and for several days during chronic treatment. However, while food intake quickly returned to normal, body weight gain remained lower in treated rats. The effect on body weight gain can be ascribed to decreased total body lipid content in the absence of an effect on lean body mass. It is suggested that Ro 22-0654 may have utility in the treatment of human obesity.
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PMID:Anti-obesity activity of a novel lipid synthesis inhibitor. 653 95

The relationship between the national blood pressure level of an over 10,000 member representative sample of the population and alcohol consumption, using the time-series data during the period 1956-1980 was analysed. Analysis by multiple regression analysis showed alcohol consumption to be significantly related to the mean systolic blood pressure level for men independent of the treatment rate of hypertension, obesity, salt consumption and smoking rate. The relationship between alcohol consumption and stroke mortality using the age-adjusted stroke mortality for the middle-aged and alcohol consumption by prefecture (an administrative district of a province in Japan), in 1975 was also investigated. Stroke mortality for middle-aged men was highly significantly related, that for women was borderline but still significantly related, and the male:female ratio of the age-adjusted stroke mortality was also highly significantly related to alcohol intake. Thus, alcohol intake may play a role in increasing blood pressure levels and precipitate stroke, although it is possible that other confounding factors related to alcohol drinking may be related to blood pressure and also to stroke mortality.
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PMID:Alcohol consumption, blood pressure and stroke mortality in Japan. 659 68

We have examined the association between alcohol consumption and blood pressure (BP) in a working population of 723 men aged 20 to 59 years. Both systolic and diastolic BP increased with increasing alcohol consumption, and so di the prevalence of BP greater than or equal to 160/94 mm Hg. In subjects younger than 40 years, the univariate alcohol-BP association was less conspicuous, although statistically significant. Multivariate analysis showed that the association was independent of age, relative weight, and educational level in subjects aged 40-59, while it became non significant in younger subjects. The multiple regression coefficient indicated that an average daily consumption of 12 ml of alcohol would increase systolic BP by 1.4 mm Hg. In subjects aged 50 to 59 years, a slightly higher BP in nondrinkers than in moderate drinkers was probably due to a higher prevalence of obesity among the former. These findings suggest that control of alcohol consumption is a means of preventing essential hypertension, along with control of salt intake and adiposity.
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PMID:[Relation between alcohol consumption and arterial hypertension: epidemiologic approach. By the Task Force on Lyons Action in the Prevention of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis]. 681 Aug 23

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Hypertension--the leading cause of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure--occurs in more than 20% of adults in most modern societies. Hypertensive patients have defective sodium metabolism. From childhood throughout adult life most acculturated peoples consume 10 to 20 g of salt daily and have more obesity. Populations with low blood pressure are more active, leaner, and consume a diet low in sodium and high in potassium; however, when members of these groups are exposed to western diets, blood pressure increases with age and hypertension occurs. Drug treatment to control blood pressure prevents deaths. Conservative management, including low-sodium, high-potassium diets, restores normal blood pressure in more than half of hypertensive patients. More information on the cause and mechanisms of this condition is needed, but our primary concern is for improved nutrition and drug treatment to prevent hypertension-related cardiovascular deaths.
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PMID:Sodium intake and hypertension: a cause for concern. 684 11

The etiology of gallbladder disease in children is multifactoral. Seven of these factors are fairly well known: obstruction of biliary ductal system, hemolytic disease, estrogen effect, obesity, familial, metabolic, and stress related. Our biggest group of patients, 19 out of the total 61 or 31 per cent, were found to have had prior abdominal/renal surgery or partial bowel obstruction. It has been shown that ileal resections result in gallstones due to loss of bile salt absorption; however, volvulus and partial obstruction from adhesive bands have never been incriminated before. A number of teenagers appear to develop acalculous cholecystitis and have symptoms a good many months before stones develop. These patients who have delayed (greater than 36 hours) excretion of oral cholecystogram dye also have positive duodenal drainage studies after cholecystokinin. Gallbladder disease in children is not a rarity as surgical textbooks would lead one to believe.
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PMID:A new look at the multifactoral etiology of gallbladder disease in children. 685 71

A survey of children for cardiovascular risk factor variables has determined serum lipids and lipoproteins on some 5,000 children from birth through adolescence. Dietary studies have been conducted on a selected sample. Considerable variability of the serum lipids and lipoproteins occurs with significant relationships to age, race, and sex. Serum lipoproteins are altered with obesity especially in white children and a correlation of dietary intake of fat by infants and children had been noted with serum lipids and lipoproteins. A consistent ranking over time or tracking of the serum lipids and lipoproteins, especially beta-lipoprotein, occurs, and a clustering of multirisk factors including high levels of serum total cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins can be observed, especially in the older children. The trend toward increasing interrelationship of multirisk factors suggests an increasing environmental impact with age. The relationships of dietary components with risk factor variables are of a low order, even though children are consuming a relatively high fat, high cholesterol, high salt diet. Dietary factors are potentially the major environmental influence on the high incidence of coronary artery disease. The evidence of the relationship of diet to the serum lipid levels in children warrants further investigation in an effort to understand the precise role of diet in the prevention of adult cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Serum lipid and lipoprotein in infants and children and their relationship with diet. 697 78


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