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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is a correlation between body weight or obesity and blood pressure in the population, and most hypertensive patients are overweight. Weight reduction of 6 kg or more reduces blood pressure by an average of 15/9 mmHg even if the ideal body weight is not attained, and this is not explained by changes in salt intake or by measurement artefact due to the fat arm. Some form of calorie restriction is the mainstay of managing obesity in hypertensive patients, and those referred to a dietitian lose significantly more weight tham those given a diet sheet by a doctor or given no specific advice. About 50% of patients referred to a dietitian reduce their body weight by 6 kg or more. There is a tendency to regain weight in the long-term, but after four years more than one third of patients remain at least 6 kg below their initial weight. Men seem to lose relatively little weight whether or not they are referred to a dietitian, whereas women referred to a dietitian achieve substantial and sustained weight loss.
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PMID:Compliance with weight reduction in hypertensive patients. 387 Apr 75

In 1982, 4,474 noninstitutionalized residents of Connecticut who were 18 years or older were interviewed as part of the Connecticut High Blood Pressure Program. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of hypertension among the 2.1 million adults in the state. Spouse correlations for systolic and diastolic blood pressures were examined in 1,260 white spouse pairs. Upon demonstrating a significant correlation in blood pressure between spouses (r = 0.262 for systolic and 0.248 for diastolic, p less than 0.001), subsequent stepwise multiple regressions were used to determine which aspects of the shared marital environment might influence the spouse concordance. Variables related to each spouse as well as variables reflecting similarity between spouses were analyzed. When spouse concordance in blood pressure was examined controlling for age, obesity, dietary salt intake, socioeconomic status, income, education, occupation, smoking, and exercise of both spouses and similarities in these variables, the correlations between spouses' blood pressures remained significant.
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PMID:Blood pressure concordance between spouses. 396 64

Group comparisons of blood pressure and indices of obesity and salt intake from epidemiological studies conducted in the Pacific early in the 1980s are presented. The comparisons were of a rural-urban type, and showed a trend for a lower prevalence of hypertension and for lower mean blood pressures in adults from rural areas, compared with urban populations. Rural residents were also slimmer and appeared to have a lower salt intake than did urban dwellers. These findings give possible support to the role of adiposity and salt intake in the genesis of essential hypertension.
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PMID:Group comparisons of blood pressure and indices of obesity and salt intake in Pacific populations. 399 Jun 16

Obesity and hypertension are closely associated. Hypertension occurs frequently in industrialized populations that gain weight with advancing age, and is infrequent in primitive populations that are not obese. There are two reasons for concern about the relationship of obesity to hypertension. Weight gain in young adult life is a potent risk factor for later development of hypertension. Weight reduction in obese hypertensive persons often reduces arterial pressure. Mechanisms of obesity hypertension are as yet unidentified; an earlier hypothesis that it is related to salt intake has not been supported by recent studies. Hemodynamic studies have shown that obesity is associated with an elevated cardiac output and expanded blood volume; in normotensive obese persons peripheral vascular resistance is reduced, and in hypertensive persons it is normal or elevated. Studies of hormonal and neural factors have failed to explain the presence of hypertension in some obese persons and its absence in others.
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PMID:Obesity and hypertension. 406 23

The limited value of plasma measurements in the management of treatment with lithium is discussed in the light of the mechanisms of its therapeutic actions and toxic effects.The plasma level of lithium usually rises twofold or threefold in the three to five hours after ingestion of each dose of delayed-release tablets and then gradually falls. The precise shape and height of the lithium curve depend on gastric emptying, which can be slowed with propantheline or speeded with metoclopramide. Depressed or demented patients may be irregular in taking their tablets and variable in food intake. Both the time of the blood test and this behaviour must be considered before changing the prescribed dose of lithium salt because of a laboratory result. A lithium tolerance curve may be a safer guide to treatment than single measures.Mild intermittent thirst is a common early side effect, and severe persistent thirst with polyuria is an uncommon later effect of daily intakes of at least 1,500 mg lithium carbonate. This diabetes insipidus is reversible, non-progressive, unrelated to plasma level, and distinct in attack from lithium-induced hypothyroidism, which may occur at low dosage but is also usually of late onset and reversible or treatable with thyroxine while lithium is continued. Obesity is another occasional effect of large doses. These side effects and the antimanic and prophylactic effects may have different mechanisms.
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PMID:Blood levels and management of lithium treatment. 442 91

3 cases of women becoming hypertensive while taking oral contraceptives are presented. The first was a 35-year-old mother of 4 who had developed hypertensive kidney disease in her last pregnancy. Before contraception her blood pressure was 130/75; it rose to 140/80 in 3 months and 160/100 in 6 months after taking Ovariostat (2.5-mg lynestrenol and .075-mg mestranol, combined). 2 months after discontinuing usage her pressure was 140/80. The second was a 45-year-old mother of 2 whose pressure climbed from 120/70 to 180/120 within 3 months of starting Planor (2-mg norgestrienone and .05-mg ethinyl estradiol, combined), and fell to 130/80 3 weeks after discontinuing usage. The third was a 32-year-old woman with blood pressure of 120/70 before taking Ovaristat. Within 15 days her pressure was 170/90, accompanied by severe headaches. 1 month after discontinuing usage it returned to 120/70. The discussants mention several cases in their experience, and agree with the authors that women with hypertension in pregnancy, obesity, or diabetes should not be given the pill. Normal patients should be followed carefully and advised to keep a low salt diet and normal weight.
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PMID:[Arterial hypertension during treatment with estro-progestative drugs]. 515 54

In order to assess iodothyronine receptor interactions in man, we have developed a receptor assay for T3 and T4 in solubilized nuclear extracts from circulating mononuclear cells. This assay utilizes the technique of salt solubilization to isolate nuclear receptors and employs standard saturation analysis for T3 and T4 to determine maximal binding capacity (MBC) and equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd). We have determined that 11 normal subjects had a MBC for T3 of 1.20 +/- 0.20 pmol/mg DNA (+/- SE) and a Kd of 3.4 +/- 0.2 X 10(-10) M; the T4 MBC was 8.44 +/- 1.22 pmol/mg DNA and the Kd was 2.7 +/- 0.3 X 10(-10) M. Hypothyroid patients had a mean T3 MBC of 7.32 +/- 2.28 pmol/mg DNA and a mean T4 MBC of 40.04 +/- 21.36 pmol/mg DNA (P less than 0.05 compared to normal). Obese subjects (n = 12) had a basal fed MBC that was 0.66 +/- 0.13 pmol/mg DNA for T3 (P less than 0.05 compared to normal) and was 3.58 +/- 0.56 pmol/mg DNA for T4 (P less than 0.01 compared to normal). During fasting, the average T3 MBC increased to 1.43 +/- 0.31 pmol/mg DNA and the average T4 MBC increased to 9.63 +/- 2.46 pmol/mg DNA, values that are both significantly higher than those in the fed period; the dissociation constants were unaltered in obese subjects (compared to normals) in fed and fasting states. Gel filtration with 0.5 M agarose was employed to ascertain if the physicochemical properties of the solubilized mononuclear human cell receptor were similar to those previously observed in rat and human liver and kidney receptors. The elution profile obtained was similar to that reported earlier. The major binding activity has an estimated Stokes radius of 35 A and a molecular weight ratio of approximately 50,000 daltons. These studies indicate that: 1) high affinity T3 and T4 receptors exist in human mononuclear cells and have properties similar to those for T3 and T4 described previously in rat liver; 2) T3 and T4 receptor number tends to increase in hypothyroid subjects and tend to be lower in obese patients than in normal weight control subjects; 3) fasting is associated with an increase in both T3 and T4 MBC; and 4) despite their apparent physicochemical similarity, T3 receptors in rat liver and human mononuclear cells may be regulated differently, at least during fasting since hepatic T3 receptors decrease in the fasted rat. Collectively, these observations support the concept that human white cell T3 nuclear receptor binding is capable of rapid fluctuations, suggesting a mechanism for homeostatic regulation of T3 action.
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PMID:Solubilized nuclear thyroid hormone receptors in circulating human mononuclear cells. 624 59

This article does not consider the secondary causes of high blood pressure in children. Essential hypertension is a major factor in the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease among adult populations throughout the world. The possibility that a raised blood pressure may have its origins in childhood or even in infancy is being extensively explored. Accurate measurement of blood pressure--especially systolic--is now feasible, by the Doppler technique, in very young children. The concept of "tracking" of blood pressure has been investigated. In addition, factors such as familial aggregation, genetic aspects, and the role of obesity in the etiology of hypertension have been considered. The reason for differences in the severity of manifestation of hypertension in black and white populations has not been satisfactorily elucidated, despite a number of childhood population studies. With an increased number of blood pressure measurements more children are being discovered with labile or even essential hypertension. The exact level above which to consider therapy is somewhat controversial. Nevertheless, even with mild persistent elevations, nonpharmacologic measures such as control of obesity, reduction in salt intake, regular exercise, potassium supplementation, and relaxation therapy, seem warranted. These measures should also be seriously considered in the prevention of hypertension in young urban populations.
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PMID:Significance of hypertension in children. 635 18

This paper is a study of 117 patients with endstage renal failure, treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) over periods of 1-56 months. The study has shown CAPD to be an effective form of dialysis with a number of advantages over intermittent peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (better control of salt and water status, hypertension and anemia, steady state biochemistry and greater ease of self-dialysis). Peritoneal clearance and ultrafiltration have remained adequate in all but a few patients. Hypoproteinemia, poor nutrition, obesity and abdominal herniae have been problems in a small percentage of patients. Hyperlipidemia has developed in half the patients but improved with diet. Peritonitis remains the major barrier to the more widespread use of CAPD, although its incidence can be considerably reduced by use of better connectors, bacterial filters and choice of patients.
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PMID:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): an established treatment for endstage renal failure. 636 Jan 16

It has been reported that sand rats, naturally feeding on low-caloric-value plants containing a high concentration of salt, become obese and develop hyperglycemia when fed on a standard laboratory diet. The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of a synthetic-chow diet on the metabolic pattern of the diabetic syndrome in a large group of sand rats. While a few animals had a fulminant reaction with markedly decreased glucose tolerance, low plasma insulin levels, and death within 3-4 wk, most sand rats developed obesity and elevated plasma insulin levels. From the third month and forward, 40% of sand rats presented with a diabetic syndrome with hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, markedly decreased glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. This diabetic syndrome can be compared with maturity-onset (type II) diabetes. When this synthetic-chow diet was given for more than 6 mo, the majority of animals lost considerable weight and showed a major depletion of fat stores. Serum immunoreactive insulin levels fell, while blood glucose rose to above 500 mg/dl with glycosuria and ketonuria. The elevated triglyceride content of plasma and the lipid deposits in the liver were greatly augmented, and no glycogen was present. Animals developed frank insulin-dependent diabetes, and diabetic animals not treated with insulin died in diabetic coma with presumed ketoacidosis. The disease was essentially confined to sand rats showing abnormal glucose tolerance, even before eating laboratory chow. This observation suggests a genetic factor. Thus, the sand rat appears to be a potentially interesting model for investigation of both maturity-onset and insulin-dependent diabetes.
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PMID:Diabetes mellitus in sand rats (Psammomys obesus). Metabolic pattern during development of the diabetic syndrome. 637 52


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