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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In ageing humans there is accumulation of cholesterol in adipose tissue, muscle and other organs. In human obesity increased synthesis of cholesterol has been demonstrated. In order to ascertain possible endogenous sources of lipids, the output of cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride from the bile and small intestine was studied in rats in relationship to body weight. The output of lipid in mesenteric lymph showed an almost two-fold increase in the heaviest rats. Small intestinal concentrations of phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol rose significantly with increase of body weight. Output of cholesterol and phospholipid in bile was found to be related to body weight and total bile salt output. The increased lipid content of mesenteric lymph may reflect lipid synthesis in the small intestine, as well as increased absorption from biliary sources, and contribute to cholesterol accumulation in obese rats. Although these are major differences between human and rat cholesterol metabolism, the intestine is a major source of endogenous cholesterol in both species, and could be part of the source of the additional cholesterol load in obese humans.
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PMID:Cholesterol and phospholipid: influence of body weight on the output of lipids in mesenteric lymph. 26 72

Our way to prevention is to find a list of traits known to be predictors of elevated blood pressure. This list of predictors offers means for the early identification of susceptibile persons. Years of experience in preventive work indicate that such identification is always useful for developing preventive programmes, since it gives a focus for action (5). Most of the predictors show possible ways in which action could be directed towards prevention of hypertension and reduction of elevated blood pressure. We will focus on salt, control of obesity, physical exercise, and meditation. We would like to discuss preventive aspects of hypertension and the possibility of treating with other methods than drugs.
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PMID:The prevention of hypertension. 26 28

1. Variables involved in the genesis of hypertension in male broad-breasted white turkeys include social environment, obesity and high salt intake. 2. The hypertension is characterized by low plasma renin activity and, with increasing age, normal to high plasma aldosterone. 3. Medionecrosis of the abdominal aorta is a common pathological finding. 4. The absence of atherosclerotic plaques is probably related to the high concentrations of alpha-lipoproteins.
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PMID:The natural history of hypertension in turkeys. 28 53

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were measured in the plasma of grossly obese subjects to determine if abnormalities in salt and water homeostasis could be related to these hormones. Acute oral water loads and hypertonic saline infusions were administered during baseline obesity, after prolonged fasting, and after hypocaloric refeeding. Only 64.7%, 46.1%, and 70.1% of a water load was excreted during the respective three stages. Pre-water load plasma AVP levels were normal, but after the water load the obese failed to suppress AVP secretion in a normal fashion; this defect was corrected after fasting and with refeeding. Salt loading resulted in appropriate osmolality and AVP responses. Serum prolactin levels, normal at baseline during all phases, rose slightly after water loading during fasting. Hypertonic.saline produced no changes in prolactin levels in the obese or in the normal controls. In the disordered salt and water metabolism of the obese, persistently high AVP values during water loading appeared to be a factor in the delay of water excretion. In the observed water retentionduring dietary restriction and refeeding, secretion of AVP and PRL did not appear to have a major regulatory function.
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PMID:The role of vasopressin and prolactin in abnormal salt and water metabolism of obese patients before and after fasting and during refeeding. 31 25

The seeds of premature coronary heart disease are often sown in childhood and it is the developing arteries of children which are the most susceptible. Paediatricians and all who work with them have the earliest and most promising opportunities for prevention. Coronary protection can be added to the potential advantages of breast feeding and to ensure appropriate fatty acid balance throughout weaning. It is reasonable to accept the strong consensus of opinion on diet reflected in the reports of the eighteen national committees. They are: to reduce total fat intake to 30-35% of the energy, to restrict consumption of saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar, and salt, to increase unrefined carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat, and to maintain a P/S balance of 1.0-1.5:1. Food is the fundamental coronary risk factor, but others may add insult to injury. Smoking, hypertension, obesity, lack of exercise, and stress, each of which is related to behaviour, may start in childhood. Smoking doubles the overall risk CHD and increases it ten times in males under 45 years old. Good habits, including food preferences and eating patterns learned early, are those most likely to be continued. School meals require and should match revised nutritional education. The co-operation of the food industry is essential and can be anticipated, but it requires a clear lead by paediatricians. The nutritional advice should come from the medical profession. Every contact with children and their parents provides an opportunity for enquiry and giving advice.
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PMID:Perspectives in coronary prevention. 34 32

Surveys of Aleuts on St. Paul Island, Alaska, in 1966 and 1976 found a prevalence of hypertension as high as any reported in the United States. The rate remained high over the 10-year period. Preliminary data from other Aleut villages on the Aleutian Chain indicate that a high prevalence of hypertension may be widespread in this region. Etiologically genetic factors, obesity, and a high salt intake are all present. In addition, an exceedingly high level of cadmium content was found in seal livers, a dietary staple. Isolated locations such as St. Paul provide natural laboratories for possibly elucidating the complex etiology of this disease.
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PMID:Hypertension among Aleuts. 46 66

An attempt has been made to identify the causes of increased cholesterol gallstone formation in obese patients both before and following jejunoileostomy. The prime lithogenic mechanism in obesity seems to be increased cholesterol mobilization and excretion in the bile. In jejunoileal bypass, a host of factors, including possible limited bile salt synthesis, increased bile salt loss, and bacterial alteration of bile acids, along with the effects of rapid weight loss, may play a role. The identification and understanding of these factors will be important if attempts at prevention by administratin of antibiotics to reduce bacterial overgrowth, or by giving chenodeoxycholic or ursodeoxycholic acid to replenish the diminished bile acid pools, are to be carried out.
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PMID:Gallstones, obesity, and jejunoileostomy. 53 42

The clinical cases of 391 men and 609 women, adolescent all of them, are included in this study. T.A. values were obtained by the Korotkoff method and the lower figures in both measurements analized. The mean value for the men's cases were 112/72/67 and for the women's cases 105/71/67 respectively for K1, K4 and K5. The difference between the sistolic pressures is significant. Taking the mean men and 126/89/86 for the women. Such values might represent the higher values plus two standard derivations it was possible to obtain 139/92/88 for the normal limit. At higher values we found K1 at 1% for men and 10% for women; K4 at 1.2% for men and 5.7% for women; for K5 at 1.1% for men and 2.2% for women. There is a direct relation between obesity and higher figures in T.A. for K1 and K4 in both sexes (p.0.01). The use of too much salt influenced the coming up of K4 to (p.0.01).
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PMID:[Arterial hypertension in adolescents]. 70 31

Hereditary and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Obesity, salt intake and stress are predominant among the environmental influences. Autonomous nervous dysfunction, increased contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells and impaired renal handling of sodium are major abnormalities in essential hypertension. At present it cannot be decided if alterations in the activities of systemic or renal hormonal systems reflect primary defects or adaptive changes in the regulation of blood pressure. In any case the kidney is regarded to have a key position in the long term increase of blood pressure in essential hypertension. Recent studies in essential hypertensive patients suggest that renin release decreases as renal vascular resistance increases. Studies from our laboratory have shown that renal prostaglandins are intrinsic to the renin release mechanism from the kidney. Additionally, there is evidence that renal prostaglandin synthesis is disturbed in essential hypertension, either primarily or secondarily, leading to unresponsive renin secretion. Further studies on the interrelationships of other hormonal systems and on hormone-receptor interactions in the vascular wall are necessary to delineate more precisely the mechanisms which are operative in the pathogenesis and manifestation of essential hypertension.
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PMID:[Pathogenetic, pathophysiological and biochemical aspects of essential hypertension (author's transl)]. 72 Oct 54

The proposition that lifestyle is a major determinant of community health is explored by contrasting the features of a rural subsistence community in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and the features of the community in urbanized, industrialized Australia. Reference is made to differences in physical environment, housing, work, social situation, human relationships, patterns of disease, population statistics, diet, growth, obesity, physical fitness, blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, salt intake and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and signs of degenerative changes in various tissues. The Papua New Guinea community is seen as a self-reliant, self-contained, socially cohesive subsistence society whose members are well adapted to their physical and social environment, free from major degenerative cardiovascular diseases, with little overt psychiatric illness, but with a heavy burden of infectious disease, with marginal nutritional levels of degenerative disease and disease from psychological stress. It is clear that health, in its fullest sense, is not the prerogative of any one type of society.
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PMID:Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia. 73 10


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