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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The natural history of patients with glucose intolerance was observed in 334 patients during a period of 18 years. Glucose tolerance testing (100 g orally) was characterized by measurement of induced insulin secretion. Diabetic complications of retinopathy, sensory neuropathy, and renal disease developed only in the group of patients in whom the induced serum insulin peak fell below 60 mu U/ml. Preservation of an insulin secretory reserve that permitted serum insulin peaks of 60 muU/ml or greater was not associated with development of these complications or symptoms of insulin deficiency despite the presence of an equal degree of fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. A critical amount of insulin secretory reserve distinguishes between two qualitatively distinct clinical syndromes: true diabetes mellitus (the development of signs and symptoms of insulin deficiency) and the syndrome of pure resistance to insulin (signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia in the setting of adequate or excessive insulin secretion, frequently with obesity, but without diabetic complication).
JAMA 1978 Sep 01
PMID:Insulin secretion in the diagnosis of adult-onset diabetes mellitus. 67 27

Mediastinal lipomatosis is a common benign cause of mediastinal widening. While it may be associated with exogenous obesity, steroid ingestion, or Cushing's syndrome, these factors often are not present. Evaluation of the mediastinum by CT should be the initial diagnostic study in the work-up of patients with abnormalities of the mediastinal contour; indeed, in many cases it can eliminate the need for other procedures.
Radiology 1978 Sep
PMID:Mediastinal lipomatosis. CT confirmation of a normal variant. 67 33

Colchicine, a drug which produces a reversible inhibition of intraaxonal transport and synaptic transmission, was used as a reversible neural blocker to investigate the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in the control of ingestive behavior and body weight regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intracranial microinjections of colchicine into the VMH. Volume and concentration of the colchicine solution were varied to assess specificity of action and dose-response relationship. When colchicine (2 and 4 microgram) was microinjected bilaterally into the VMH, there was a dose-dependent increase in food and water intakes and body weight gain which lasted several days. The acute period of hyperphagia was followed by a marked depression in feeding which persisted until body weight was lowered to control levels. This suppression of feeding appeared to be a consequence of the preceding period of hyperphagia and obesity, since colchicine-treated rats which were pair-fed with controls to prevent obesity continued to maintain normal food intake and body weight gain when later fed ad libitum. The results of this study confirm the importance of the VMH in the long term regulation of feeding, and indicate that reversible neuronal blocking with colchicine is a useful technique for investigating the neural substrates of feeding and other behaviors.
Brain Res 1978 Sep 15
PMID:Reversible hyperphagia and obesity following intracerebral microinjections of colchicine into the ventromedial hypothalamus of the rat. 67 51

There is still much to learn regarding the effects of female sex hormones on the metabolism of bile acids and cholesterol and about biliary physiology. It has been observed that, in every population studied, cholesterol cholelithiasis occurs more commonly in women than in men. This difference begins during puberty and continues through the childbearing years. Administration of oral contraceptives to premenopausal women doubles the incidence of cholesterol cholelithiasis. Administration of estrogens to postmenopausal women and to men causes similar effects. Obesity is associated as well with excess hepatic cholesterol secretion. Various possible mechanisms for the effect of female sex hormones on biliary lipids, gallbladder storage capacity, and contractility are discussed.
Gastroenterology 1978 Sep
PMID:Cholesterol gallstones. 68 May 12

The traditional relationship between the client and the dietitian or nutritionist has been that of student and teacher. In the past, a patient has received excellent dietary counseling and advice from the dietitian, but has often ignored what he or she has taught. Until recently, the referring physician could only blame the patient, the dietitian, or both for this failure. Dietitians needed some new tools. The behavioral sciences have taken a new look at the problems of obesity, including a new assumption, viz.at some time, the obese have learned to eat in a way that results in excess caloric intake. Treatment now includes not only nutritional and caloric instruction, but also an attempt to change eating habits and behaviors. With these new tools, the dietitian-teacher becomes a dietitian-behavior-change agent; in addition to food content, the context of food becomes important in dietary counseling. Although dietitians are not usually trained in behavioral counseling, the weight loss in groups led by dietitans, after only minimal instruction, is comparable to that reported for groups led by psychiatry residents.
J Am Diet Assoc 1978 Sep
PMID:Dietitians as behavior--change agents. 68 43

Published studies have shown that overproduction of very low density lipoproteins is a major factor leading to hypertiglyceridemia in obesity. Few systematic studies of triglyceride removal or postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) in obesity have appeared. We have examined heparin-released lipoprotein triglyceride hydrolase activities in 12 lean and 12 obese age- and sex-matched volunteers after overnight fasting. Heparin doses were calculated to compensate for the disproportionality between body mass and plasma volume in obesity. Triglyceride hydrolase activities of hepatic (HTGLA) and extrahepatic (LPLA) origin were distinguished by in vitro inhibition of LPLA with protamine sulfate. Incremental heparin doses were given to each subject to determine lipase activities under conditions of maximal release and to define sensitivity to heparin-facilitated lipase release. Maximal postheparin LPLA and HTGLA (u/ml plasma or u/total plasma vol) were similar in lean and obese individuals despite a nearly three-fold increase in calculated adipose tissue mass in the obese. Since adipose tissue LPLA has been reported to increase in proportion to adipocyte size, the lack of difference in maximal postheparin LPLA was expected. There was an inverse correlation between plasma triglyceride concentration and LPLA/kg adipose tissue. These empirical observations may reflect relatively decreased heparin-releaseable (functional) LPLA in relation to adipose organ mass in obese subjects. The mechanism of this relationship has not been established.
Metabolism 1978 Sep
PMID:Postheparin plasma lipase activities in obesity: failure to increase with adipose organ enlargement. 68 71

The prevalence of obesity was determined in 789 9 to 15-year-old Philadelphia subjects who had either a high (+1 SD) or a low (-1, SD) relative weight at 1 year of age. During the adolescent years, obesity was assessed by the triceps skin-fold thickness and by the relative weight, using national reference standards from the US Health Examination Survey. The prevalence of obesity for the high relative weight group at 1 year of age was three to four times higher than in the low relative weight group at 1 year of age. Compared with all urban youth of this age range, regardless of their status at 1 year of age, it is estimated that the risk ratio associated with a high relative weight at 1 year of age is approximately 1.6.
Am J Dis Child 1978 Sep
PMID:Obesity in urban black adolescents of high and low relative weight at 1 year of age. 68 2

8 deaths (aged 17-44 years) caused by pulmonary thromboembolism after legally induced abortion are reported. Of 104 abortion-related deaths reported to the Center for Disease Control from 1972 through 1975, 10 involved fatal embolism. The 8 cases reported here were proved at autopsy. 7 of these women had preexisting risk factors for thromboembolic disease, including obesity, previous thrombophebitis, use of oral contraceptives, or Type A blood. All but 1 case occurred in women who had received general anesthesia. 4 of the 8 women had undergone a concurrent sterilization procedure at the time of abortion. The average age of these women was 27.9 years and their gestation at the time of abortion ranged from 8 to 15 weeks. It is concluded that preventive efforts should focus on identifying women at high risk for thromboembolic events prior to the abortion procedure and then selecting the abortion procedure least likely to produce postoperative embolism. Women with preexisting conditions might be advised to delay sterilization until the hypercoaguability of pregnancy has resolved.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978 Sep 15
PMID:Deaths caused by pulmonary thromboembolism after legally induced abortion. 68 5

Stress may be an important contributor to the pathogenesis of idiopathic (essential) hypertension. The probable pathway involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system and thereby an increase in peripheral resistance. This paper reviews the hemodynamics of early hypertension and attempts to relate them to stress-mediated overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Attention is also given the relations between obesity, race, sex and geography to hypertension.
J Human Stress 1978 Sep
PMID:Stress, the sympathetic nervous system and hypertension. 69 Apr 19

Adult rats of various strains became obese when they were fed a highly palatable diet for several months. Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. Reintroduction of an ordinary chow diet to such animals precipitated a period of weight loss during which only mean adipocyte size returned to normal. Adipocyte number remained at the elevated level achieved during the period of weight gain. Thus, transient dietary obesity in rats results in a persistent obesity of a purely hyperplastic, nonhypertrophic form. Furthermore, the persistence of the cell number increase suggests that it is the result of proliferation or differentiation rather than of only an increase in the lipid content of a pool of very small and normally undetected adipocytes. An analysis of adipose tissue morphology changes during the course of diet-induced weight gain suggests that the achievement of some specific mean adipocyte size triggers the events that culminate in adipocyte number increase. What mechanisms may link adipocyte size to the formation of new adipocytes remains unknown.
Am J Physiol 1978 Sep
PMID:Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats: a new model of obesity. 69 22


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