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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Community Health Aides (CHA), locally recruited and trained, visit households and identify malnourished children by means of weighing them in monthly intervals, recording the results on "Gomez" weight-for-age charts. The CHA acts as the people's nearest adviser. In order to become a useful if not the most important member of the health team, some common mistakes and distorted views should be corrected early in her career. The weight-for-age chart is an invaluable tool to record the child's state of health. It is the trend in weight gain that is relevant and not an isolated weight point on the graph. Maternal, perinatal and neonatal histories should be taken as they help to classify the low weight child. 3/4 of the children in the Young Child Nutrition Programme (YCNP) are underweight but also underheight for age. The designation of malnutrition grade I/II/III is misleading. Either one speaks of "undernutrition" if one considers weight-for-age only or one takes other anthropometric measurements such as the height or length in order to classify Protein-Energy-Malnutrition. A physical examination and clinical records are essential in the evaluation of malnutrition - one should not rely on the graph only. By measuring the height of children, one may well be surprised to discover that many children in St. James are on the obese side. Obesity is another form of malnutrition prevalent in the wealthy societies of western industrialized countries. It is paradox that we should increase the number of obese people in a world which is threatened by shortage of food energies and proteins.
Acta Trop 1977 Sep
PMID:[Community health aide. Critical estimation of his task within the nutrition program]. 2 56

Short chain fatty acid absorption from the human rectum has been studied in 46 subjects attending an obesity clinic, using a dialysis bag technique. From a mixed electrolyte solution, acetate concentrations fell from 97.0 to 64.2 mmol/l, and sodium from 97.8 to 85.1 mmol/l with respective net absorption rates of 8.1 and 5.2 mumol/cm2/h. From a solution with mixed short chain fatty acids acetate concentration fell from 62.3 to 37.6 mmol/l, propionate from 20.2 to 11.5 mmol/l, and butyrate from 25.7 to 17.3 mmol/l with absorption rates of 5.2, 1.8, and 1.9 mumol/cm2/h. Lowering pH from 7.2 to 5.5, to test the possibility that absorption occurred by passive non-ionic diffusion, had no effect on absorption rates, although pH rose rapidly in the dialysis fluid. These results are comparable with rates of acetate absorption from the animal large intestine. The hypothesis that short chain fatty acids are not absorbed from the large gut and therefore contribute to faecal bulk by retaining water in the bowel lumen may need revision.
Gut 1978 Sep
PMID:Short chain fatty acid absorption by the human large intestine. 3 Jun 83

The values of serum T4, T3, T4/T3, RT3U, FT4I, PBI, ATR, TSH, 132I uptake and antibodies against thyreoglobulin were estimated in non-obese, healthy women and in obese women with a stabile body weight on total fasting of 14 days. Obesity with no dietary restriction compared with normal controls was accompanied by a tendency to higher serum levels of T4 and T3 and prolonged ATR. Other indicators of thyroid function remained unchanged. Total fasting led to a decrease of serum T3 and to an increase of FT4I and RT3U. The remaining tests were unchanged. These results are conform with a decreased transformation of T4 into T3 in the periphery. The participation of the hypothalamus and hypophysis to adaptation of the thyroid to fasting was discussed.
Endokrinologie 1977 Sep
PMID:Effects of total fasting in obese women. I. Response of the thyroid. 7 59

The present experiments have tested the hypothesis that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions enhance insulin secretion by neural mechanisms. Rats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin to destroy their own pancreatic beta-cells. Subsequently, transplants of fetal pancreatic tissue were placed under the renal capsule. VMH lesions were placed in rats whose diabetes was cured with transplants as well as sham-transplanted animals. The animals were followed for 4 wk. The lesioned rats with pancreatic transplants gained no more weight than the sham-operated controls. There was no significant rise in insulin in the transplanted rats after VMH lesioning, but the VMH lesioned rats with intact pancreatic tissue showed the expected rise in insulin. Food intake rose 71% in the VMH lesioned rats with intact beta-cells, but only 23% in the VMH lesioned rats with transplants. Hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets was also observed in the VMH lesioned rats with an intact pancreas, but was not found in the VMH lesioned rats with a transplanted pancreas. Thus, transplantation of pancreatic tissue beneath the renal capsule of diabetic rats prevented the characteristic hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity in VMH lesioned rats whose pancreas was free from intact innervation. The results support the hypothesis that neural mediation of the rise in insulin is the primary factor in the development of hypothalamic obesity.
Am J Physiol 1978 Sep
PMID:Transplantation of pancreatic beta-cells prevents development of hypothalamic obesity in rats. 10 13

Unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone has been isolated from human abdominal adipose tissue and identified by double isotope derivatization and recrystallization to constant isotope ratio. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection revealed an actual dehydroepiandrosterone concentration between 0.32 to 2.82 mug/g in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects. The approximate dehydroepiandrosterone content of the total adipose tissue mass varied between 30 and 173 mg in subjects with severe obesity.
Horm Metab Res 1976 Sep
PMID:Dehydroepiandrosterone concentration in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects. 13 17

A matched pairs analysis of 130 cases of endometrial cancer was undertaken to determine the relationship between post-menopausal estrogen treatment and endometrial cancer. 90% of the cases were in FIGO stage I, 6.9% stage II, and 2.3% stage III. The matching took place according to a wide range of criteria, e.g. age at menopause, age at diagnosis, no. of births, weight, etc., within certain tolerances. After the matching was finished, the information on estrogen use was collated, and the relative risk (RR) for various estrogen preparations was calculated according to the length of estrogen treatment. The number of estrogen users was smaller among the women with endometrial cancer than among the control group (p .01); the RR of endometrial cancer does not increase with estrogen use (RR=.44). The same held true when conjugated estrogens, estriol, estradiol, estrogen-androgen preparations, and ovulation inhibitors were considered separately (.05 p . 05). The RR of endometrial cancer does not increase with the length of estrogen treatment. It was also observed that the RR of endometrial cancer was significantly lower (p .01-.001) among women with predisposing factors such as hypertension, obesity, and nulligravidity. This suggests that the risk of endometrial cancer is not increased by estrogen treatment.
Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1978 Sep
PMID:[Estrogen therapy and carcinoma of the endometrium (author's transl)]. 21 85

The effect of obesity on the relationship between very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride (TG) production rate and concentration was studied in 80 subjects whose TG concentrations ranged from 41-1315 mg/100 ml and whose relative weight varied from 0.74-1.46. There was a positive correlation between VLDL-TG production rate and plasma TG concentration in all 80 patients (r = 0.78), which was highly statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Both male and female subjects were subdivided into quartiles on the basis of relative weight; the relationship between VLDL-TG production rate and plasma TG concentration was found to be comparable in all subgroups. These observations suggest that moderate degrees of obesity do not affect VLDL-TG kinetics in patients whose plasma TG levels vary over an extremely wide range.
Metabolism 1978 Sep
PMID:Effect of obesity on the relationship between very low density lipoprotein production rate and plasma triglyceride concentration in normal and hypertriglyceridemic subjects. 21 Mar 50

The effects of hormones on human adipose tissue are reviewed with respect to the pathogenesis, prevention and therapy of obesity. Insulin. The insulin-resistance in the obese is associated with a decrease of the number of insulin receptor sites, which is likely to be secondary to increased insulin levels. Catecholamines. Human adipose tissue contains alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Alterations in the relation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic responsiveness may be important in the pathogenesis of regional forms of obesity. Gastrointestinal hormones. As opposed to adipose tissue of other species lipolytic effects of gastrointestinal hormones were as yet not clearly demonstrated in human fat cells. Prostaglandins were implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic obesity. However, the effects of these C-20 fatty acids on human adipose tissue remain to be elucidated. Parathyroid hormone has been shown to possess lipolytic activity in vitro. This property may be important under physiological conditions too. Triglyceride storage diseases and lipomatoses are discussed as models for studying impaired hormonal responsiveness in human adipose tissue.
Fortschr Med 1978 Sep 21
PMID:[Obesity and adipose tissue. 2. Hormonal regulation of adipose tissue metabolism]. 21 12

The possible involvement of Na+,K+-ATPase in the etiology of obesity in the obese (ob/ob) mouse was explored. The number of Na+,K+-ATPase enzyme units in skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys from 4- and 8-wk-old obese and lean mice was estimated from saturable [3H]ouabain binding to particulate fractions. Neither phenotype nor age altered the Kd value for ouabain binding in these three tissue preparations. The total number of [3H]ouabain binding sites in hindlimb muscles was 35--55% lower in 4- and 8-wk-old obese mice than in their lean counterparts. However, the total number of [3H]ouabain binding sites in liver and kidneys of obese mice was similar to values observed in their lean counterparts. Because it has been suggested that ob/ob mice are hypothyroid, we investigated the response of Na+,K+-ATPase in these mice to thyroid hormone treatment (approximately 5 microgram thyroxine/day for 2 wk). The number of [3H]ouabain binding sites in the three tissues increased in both obese and lean mice injected with this relatively large dose of thyroxine, but the obese mice were 2--3 times more responsive than lean mice.
Am J Physiol 1979 Sep
PMID:Na+,K+-ATPase enzyme units in lean and obese (ob/ob) thyroxine-injected mice. 22 9

In order to obtain a quantitative estimate of the capacity of the pancreatic islets for provision of cytoplasmic acetyl-coenzyme A and for the turnover of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and its reduced form (NADP+/NADPH), the following enzymes were assayed in islets taken from New Zealand Obese mice: adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.40), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.42). In addition, the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (EC 1.1.1.41) was determined. For comparative purposes the activities in exocrine pancreas, liver, heart muscle, kidney cortex and skeletal muscle were also determined. Specimens of pancreatic islets and the other tissues were microdissected from freeze-dried sections. In comparison with the other tissues, adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase was particularly active in the islets. The NADP+/NAPH-converting enzymes had activities, which suggested a rapid turnover of the islet NADP+/NADPH pool.
J Histochem Cytochem 1975 Sep
PMID:Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-converting enzymes and adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase in some tissues and organs of New Zealand obese mice with special reference to the enzyme pattern of the pancreatic islets. 24 Aug 82


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