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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum squalene and methyl sterols (cholesterol precursors), and the fractional conversion of mevalonate to cholesterol (FCM) were determined after an i.v. injection of a labelled mevalonate-labelled cholesterol mixture in fifteen studies in eleven subjects with varying cholesterol synthesis rates (sterol balance values), including three cases with ileal dysfunction. FCM was divided in two components, FCM I and FCM II, hypothesised to represent rapidly and slowly mixing components of newly formed cholesterol, respectively. Cholesterol synthesis ranged from 1.42 to 8.75 mmol day-1 and FCM from 0.352 to 0.857. The synthesis rate was correlated with FCM, with FCM II, weakly or not at all with FCM I, highly significantly with serum methyl sterols and insignificantly with serum squalene. However, within the fairly narrow normal synthesis limits (less than 3.3 mmol day-1) the synthesis rate was not correlated significantly with FCM. Despite a marked range of obesity and a highly significant correlation between the synthesis and body weight only FCM II was correlated with body weight in subjects without ileal dysfunction. The findings suggest that FCM, and its components FCM I and FCM II reflect weakly the total cholesterol synthesis rate, and the rapidly and slowly mixing portions of newly formed cholesterol, respectively.
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PMID:Comparison of different components in the fractional conversion of mevalonate to cholesterol with cholesterol synthesis and serum methyl sterols. 731 30

Cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels were measured in the serum of fasting adult diabetics who regularly attended Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg. A total of 149 subjects were studied (69 males and 80 females). Correlation coefficients were determined between the lipid levels and between additional variables of age, obesity and duration of diabetes. Significant correlations were found between cholesterol and phospholipid levels in males and females and between cholesterol and triglyceride levels in males only. Of interest is the lack of correlation between the degree of obesity and any lipid level. A notable finding was that the cholesterol concentration was bimodally distributed in the males and possibly in the females. About half the subjects had high serum lipid levels, apparently for the duration of their diabetes. In addition, this population showed a large number of other factors associated with a significant risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD); yet, this disease was exceedingly rare in the population. It is suggested that there is some undefined factor(s) which is powerfully protective against CHD in Blacks.
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PMID:Serum lipid levels in black diabetics at Baragwanath Hospital: our concepts of coronary heart disease probed. 740 83

1. The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of obesity on bile acid kinetics and cholesterol balance in man. 2. Fourteen obese and normolipidaemic patients (160 +/- 6% of ideal body weight, mean +/- SEM) were studied under standardized dietary conditions. Bile acid kinetics, were determined with the aid of 14C-labelled cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Cholesterol balance was calculated as the sum of bile acid synthesis plus daily faecal excretion of neutral C27 steroids minus dietary intake of cholesterol. The results obtained were compared with previously published data on control subjects (n = 13). 3. The cholesterol balance was higher in the obese patients (2.61 +/- 0.27 mmol/day) than in the control subjects (1.78 +/- 0.22 mmol/day), owing to a higher excretion of neutral steroids. When expressed per kg of body weight the cholesterol balance was quite normal in the obese patients.
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PMID:Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in obesity. 742 89

Cholesterol gallstone disease and obesity are common and often associated disorders that could be affected by dysfunction of the receptor for cholecystokinin (CCK). Extending earlier studies that identified a defect at the level of receptor-G protein coupling in cholesterol gallstone disease, we characterized the primary structure of the gallbladder CCK receptor in patients undergoing a cholecystectomy. Represented were patients with cholesterol gallstones, as well as controls with pigment gallstones or without gallbladder disease. Both groups were composed of the range of body habitus from lean to morbidly obese. No evidence of any sequence mutation or polymorphism in the CCK receptor gene was found in any patient. This should lead future investigations of the pathogenesis of these problems toward the possible contribution of the plasmalemmal environment in affecting the association between normal receptors and G proteins.
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PMID:The integrity of the cholecystokinin receptor gene in gallbladder disease and obesity. 748 84

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for the development of coronary disease. It does not present with symptoms and can be diagnosed by laboratory examination only. Screening is the only means to detect subjects at risk at a time when preventive measures can effectively be applied. We therefore initiated the Bavarian Cholesterol Screening Project (BCSP). Occasional screening was performed in 150,089 subjects (81,286 women, 68,803 men) in 214 campaigns. The mean cholesterol value was 243 +/- 52 mg/dl for women and 231 +/- 53 mg/dl for men; 37.3% of women and 38.1% of men had values of 201-250 mg/dl, 42.2% of women and 33.7% of men values > 250 mg/dl. Also, the following risk factors were recorded: smoking in 11.3% of women and in 20.2% of men, hypertension in 19.8% of women and 17.4% of men, diabetes mellitus in 4.2% of women and 4.1% of men, obesity in 16.8% of women and 20.9% of men, and a family history of myocardial infarction in 34.8% of women and 26.0% of men. Of the 27,084 men who had their cholesterol checked for the first time, 35.6% had levels between 201 and 250 mg/dl, and 22.9% had levels above 250 mg/dl. Of the 27,870 women whose cholesterol level had not been checked before, 38.8% had levels between 201 and 250 mg/dl, and 27.1% had levels above 250 mg/dl. More than 70% of the subjects with levels between 200 and 250 mg/dl had at least one additional risk factor. We conclude, on the basis of this study, that the risk factor hypercholesterolemia is unknown in as much as 20% of the population of Bavaria. These newly detected subjects were offered the opportunity to recognize this risk and take subsequent measures of prevention. Screening projects for hypercholesterolemia therefore can be an effective means of improving public health.
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PMID:Results and efficacy of public screening for hypercholesterolemia: the Bavarian Cholesterol Screening Project. 749 May 93

Current guidelines of the Adult Treatment Panel on High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) emphasize the protective effect of HDL-C in reducing one's risk for coronary heart disease and recommend that individuals with serum HDL-C levels below 35 mg/dL utilize hygienic means to raise them. A cross-sectional study was performed to examine the relationship of the hygienic factors obesity (measured by percent body fat and body mass index), smoking, and aerobic exercise to HDL-C. The sample, consisting of 1701 male employees of a large aerospace hardware assembly plant, were evaluated by health risk appraisal and anthropometric measurement. Regression analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between body mass index, percent body fat, age, smoking and the level of HDL-C in the blood. Alcohol consumption was directly related to HDL-C, and Whites had a lower HDL-C than all other races combined. Aerobic exercise was not found to be significantly related to HDL-C. A model (multiple R2 = .1136) consisting of age, race, alcohol consumption, smoking, and body mass index fit the data well. These findings justify weight management and smoking cessation interventions for raising HDL-C. However, the role of aerobic exercise was not supported in this study as a means of raising HDL-C. Future studies should use maximum oxygen consumption as a measure of aerobic capacity, which may be a better indicator of aerobic exercise level. The role of medication and genetic and dietary factors in HDL-C management should also be explored. Although findings from this study support smoking cessation and weight management interventions, longitudinal research is needed to determine the most effective strategy for HDL-C management.
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PMID:High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol: determining hygienic factors for intervention. 755 71

The Strong Heart Study, a study of cardiovascular disease among American Indians, was conducted to determine cardiovascular disease rates and the prevalence of risk factors among members of 13 tribal groups in South Dakota/North Dakota (SD/ND), southeastern Oklahoma, and Arizona. From 1989 to 1992, 4,549 tribal members aged 45-74 years (62% of eligible participants) were surveyed and examined for cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. Mean total cholesterol concentrations were over 20 mg/dl lower among the men and 27 mg/dl lower among the women than national mean levels for the same age groups. Cholesterol levels varied by tribal group; Arizona Indians had mean levels more than 20 mg/dl lower than those of SD/ND Indians. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was almost twice as high among SD/ND Indians as among Arizona Indians, but the rates for all three groups were much lower than total US rates (all races). Mean levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower among Indian men and women than in the US population as a whole. The prevalence of hypertension among Arizona and Oklahoma Indians was higher than that for the entire United States. SD/ND Indians had significantly lower mean blood pressures and prevalence rates of hypertension than Oklahoma and Arizona Indians and the United States as a whole. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher for all Indian groups except Arizona women in comparison with US rates. Smoking rates were highest in SD/ND and lowest in Arizona. Indian smokers smoked fewer cigarettes per day than the average US smoker. Arizona Indians had the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus; over 60% of those participants were diabetic. In Oklahoma and SD/ND, one third of the men and over 40% of the women were diabetic. In addition, 13-20% of the participants had impaired glucose tolerance. Proteinuria was also a common problem; almost half of the Arizona Indians had micro- or macroalbuminuria, and 20% of Oklahoma and SD/ND Indians had significant proteinuria. The prevalence of obesity was high in all three groups, with Arizona Indians having the highest rates and the highest mean body mass indices. The prevalence of current alcohol use was lower among Indians than in the nation as a whole, but binge drinking was common among those who used alcohol. These results indicate that cardiovascular disease risk factors vary significantly among tribal groups. Prevention programs tailored toward decreasing the prevalence of risk factors are recommended for long-term reduction of cardiovascular disease rates in American Indian communities.
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PMID:Cardiovascular disease risk factors among American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. 763 31

The National Cholesterol Education Program's guidelines for the detection, evaluation, and treatment of high serum cholesterol in adults were employed in screening 155 Southeast Asian refugees in a primary care clinic in Seattle, Washington. In order to determine the need for a therapeutic intervention, information also was collected on the presence of other coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. Male gender (39%), cigarette smoking (27%) and hypertension (26%) were the most common CHD risk factors; diabetes mellitus, obesity, a family or prior history of CHD or cerebral/peripheral vascular disease were each noted in less than 10%. The mean serum total cholesterol was 194 mg/dl. Thirty-seven (24%) patients required further lipoprotein analysis based on cholesterol level, history of CHD and risk factors for CHD. Twenty-one (66%) of 32 patients who underwent lipoprotein analysis (14% of all patients) were candidates for a therapeutic intervention for hypercholesterolaemia. Additionally, 14 (44%) patients undergoing lipoprotein analysis had depressed high-density lipoprotein levels (< 35 mg/dl). We conclude that CHD risk factors including hypercholesterolaemia are common in Southeast Asian refugee clinic patients and that in many, a therapeutic intervention may well be justified. Southeast Asian refugees should be routinely screened for hypercholesterolaemia and other CHD risk factors in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program's guidelines.
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PMID:Prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia and coronary heart disease risk factors among southeast Asian refugees in a primary care clinic. 765 79

This present study is one part of the project "Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, lipemic disorders, hypertension, obesity and diabetes mellitus in a population of the metropolitan area of S. Paulo, Brazil" undertaken in Cotia county. An alimentary inquiry based on the alimentary history of the individual was carried out among a subsample of the population (568 individuals). The objectives of the inquiry are the following: a) the identification of the atherogenic potential of the diets of different human groups, stratified according to social class and b) the analysis of consumption differentials of some nutrients, which confer atherogenicity to the diet, as between social classes. The consumption differentials were analyzed as between men and women, by social class and taking the 50th percentile (P50) of the sample as the standard of reference, with regard to the following dietary constituents: energy, total proteins, proteins of animal origin, percentages of protein calories (P%), fatty acids, fats (F%) and carbohydrates (CH%). Also, according to this criterion, some diet profiles were analyzed in the light of the recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NEP) as regards the calorie supplied by fats (F%), saturated fatty acids (SFA%), carbohydrates (CH%) and cholesterol (> 300 mg/day). The following were the findings obtained: the consumption differentials were more pronounced among the men. The social class which presented the largest percentages above the P50 of the sample, with regard to energy, total proteins, fats and carbohydrates, were the non-specialized workers, i.e. the manual laborers who have a high expenditure of energy, an that of small property owners and shop-keepers who lead a sedentary life. The class of the greatest acquisitive power and highest educational level presented a moderate consumption of these constituents. On the other hand, the consumption of the proteins of animal origin, above the P50, among men and women, maintained a direct relationship with socioeconomic level. The proportion of calories coming from fats (F%) and protein (P%) was directly proportional to the acquisitive power of the class, while that of carbohydrates (CH%) presented an inverse relationship. On the other hand, the consumption of cholesterol in excess of 300 mg/day was found to between 37 and 50% and 20 and 32% for men and women, respectively. The percentage of diets with more than 30% of calories coming from fats (F%) varied from 25 to 40% for men and 45 to 50% for women. The participation of the saturated fatty acids (SFA%) in proportions greater or equal to 10 was relatively low for both sexes: being of 5 to 17% for the men and of less than 10% for the women. The percentages of cases in the relationship saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (SFA/UFA) maintaining values less than 1% was also low for the population in general, being of 7 and 22% for the men and less than 10% for the women. It is concluded that diet probably is an important risk factor in cardiovascular diseases, lipemic disorders, obesity and hypertension, for a large part of the population, mainly for the small property owners and shop-keepers, is viable.
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PMID:[Atherogenic food habits of population groups in a metropolitan area of southeastern Brazil]. 766 37

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death among black women in the United States. Black women also demonstrate a greater prevalence of coronary risk factors and a higher mortality after myocardial infarction than white women. To evaluate the clinical profile and outcome of black women in an urban-based cardiac rehabilitation program, 35 black women (aged 54 +/- 13 years) and 47 white women (aged 57 +/- 10 years) were prospectively studied. Black women had similar admitting diagnoses as white women, with recent myocardial infarction being the most common (37%). Coronary risk factors were more prevalent in black women than white women in the program: hypertension (71% vs 53%; p = 0.09) diabetes mellitus (46% vs 26%; p = 0.06), obesity (74% vs 49%; p < 0.05). Cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein levels were similarly elevated in black (251 +/- 53 mg/dl) and in white (248 +/- 52 mg/dl) women, whereas 34% of black and 21% of white women were active smokers. There was no significant difference in initial exercise capacity at program entry. Fewer black women (51%) completed the 12-week program than white women (64%), p = NS. Comparison of initial and follow-up exercise tests after 12 weeks of moderate to high-intensity dynamic exercise demonstrated significant and similar improvements in functional capacity in both black (4.2 +/- 1.6 vs 5.6 +/- 1.7 METs; p < 0.001) and white (4.8 +/- 2.2 vs 5.7 +/- 2.2 METs; p < 0.01) women. Among obese patients, only the white women lost weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of outcome of cardiac rehabilitation in black women and white women. 773 96


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