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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Feeding rats with a cafeteria diet resulted in increases in total body weight and in epididymal-adipose-tissue weight. Those rats excreted significantly less N than did controls. The amount of N ingested by cafeteria-diet-fed rats was kept equal to that of controls. This decrease in N excretion is explained by a decrease in urinary excretion of urea. This may be due to the following facts. The rate of synthesis of urea from precursors by isolated hepatocytes from cafeteria-diet-fed rats was lower than in controls. In cafeteria-diet-fed rats the activities of all the enzymes of the urea cycle are decreased. The major percentage decreases are those of carbamoylphosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.16) and of argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5), the enzymes probably involved in the regulation of the overall rate of the cycle. When rats are switched to normal chow diet, the enzyme activities return to normal values. The uptake of amino acids by liver of cafeteria-diet-fed rats is lower than in controls. These results contrast with those obtained previously by using other models of obesity in rat (i.e. genetic or hypothalamic), in which N excretion was increased.
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PMID:Decreased urea synthesis in cafeteria-diet-induced obesity in the rat. 406 72

We measured the blood pressure of 1226 patients with newly diagnosed maturity-onset diabetes, age 25 to 65 years (mean 52 years), mean fasting plasma glucose 11.4 mmol/L. Forty percent of males and 53% of females had hypertension by the World Health Organization criteria of either having blood pressure more than 160/95 mm Hg or receiving hypotensive therapy. Male patients were less obese than female patients (21% and 40% over ideal weight respectively) and a mean 1.3 years younger. Blood pressure was higher in women than men, but it was not significantly greater if age and obesity were taken into account. Twenty-three percent of men and 42% of women had already been informed they were hypertensive, and 12% of men and 26% of women were already receiving hypotensive therapy. The prevalence of hypertension in diabetic white patients was greater than that reported in a sex- and age-matched healthy population. The blood pressure of those taking diuretics was not significantly greater than that of untreated patients, but the 8% of men and 13% of women receiving other hypotensive drugs still had significantly higher blood pressure than the untreated patients. Both patients treated by diuretics and those treated by other hypotensive agents had significantly higher mean plasma urea and creatinine concentrations than untreated patients. This may have been induced by therapy, but one cannot exclude the possibility that treated patients already had renal impairment from diabetic, hypertensive, or other pathology.
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PMID:United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study. III. Prevalence of hypertension and hypotensive therapy in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. A multicenter study. 407 42

Metabolic alterations in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats were investigated by examining daily changes of enzyme activities and urea concentrations three weeks after the operation. VMH-lesions in female adult rats caused a significant elevation in the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the liver and parametrial adipose tissue. These changes suggest an increased lipogenesis. VMH-lesions also elicited an increase in activities of glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and a decrease in activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver. The apparently inconsistent changes in activities of key glycolytic enzymes, GK, PK and PFK, and key gluconeogenic enzymes, G6Pase, PEPCK and FBPase in the liver may be explained by the fact that they were favorable for glucose oxidation through pentose phosphate cycle and provide NADPH for lipogenesis in the liver. Furthermore, VMH-lesions induced an increase in urea contents of the liver and serum, and elicited an increase in activity of liver tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and a decrease in activity of liver histidase. These changes suggest an accelerated amino acid and protein catabolism, and favor an increment in the supply of the substrate for lipogenesis. Daily rhythms of TAT, histidase activities and serum urea concentration observed in the control rats were abolished by VMH-lesions. These findings suggest that VMH-lesions elicit the loss of these daily rhythms, probably through the disturbance of the circadian rhythm of feeding behavior at this dynamic phase (three weeks after operation) of obesity.
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PMID:Shift of metabolism in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions with respect to changes in daily rhythms of enzyme activity. 614 67

Interrelationships among blood pressure (BP), sodium (Na), potassium (K), dietary protein, and serum cholesterol level (Chol) were examined in 62% (1120) of 1818 Japanese inhabitants of both sexes aged over 30 years who lived in a rural village in Japan. Fasting single-spot urine specimens were collected in the morning to measure Na, K, urea nitrogen (UN), inorganic sulfate (SO4), and creatinine (Cr). The Cr ratios of Na, K, UN, SO4, Na/K, and SO4/UN were analyzed by multiple regression analysis to determine independent associations with BP together with age, obesity index, hematocrit (Hct), Chol, triglyceride (TG), and fasting serum glucose level (Glu). Except for Na/Cr in men, Na/Cr and Na/K were found to be independently and positively related to BP, particularly to systolic BP (SBP). In contrast, K/Cr and SO4/UN (an index related to the dietary score of sulphur-containing amino acids derived mainly from animal protein) were both negatively associated with SBP, and UN/Cr (an index of total protein intake) was positively associated with SBP in men. Chol was linked to BP negatively in men but positively in women. Age, obesity index, TG, and Hct were generally positively and significantly related to BP in both sexes. The results confirmed on epidemiological grounds the positive link of Na and the negative link of K to BP within a single population in Japan. They further suggest, although only in men, that there is a negative relationship of Chol and dietary animal protein with BP.
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PMID:Interrelationships between blood pressure, sodium, potassium, serum cholesterol, and protein intake in Japanese. 650 Jun 79

Glucagon has been shown to lower blood lipids and to decrease food intake and body weight in short-term studies in man and animals. There is evidence of decreased secretion of glucagon in human obesity. The Zucker obese rat suffers from a genetic type of obesity and has an absolute reduction in circulating glucagon concentration. The effect of long-term administration of glucagon on the body weight in obese Zucker rats was studied. Glucagon caused a marked (-20%) reduction of body weight in obese Zucker rats with no change in feed intake. Urine glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and ketone content, as well as serum triglyceride, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and insulin levels remained unchanged. Weights of perirenal fat, kidneys, and heart also remained unchanged. However, glucagon injection in obese Zucker rats caused significant decrease in serum glucose, and increases in SGOT, liver weight, and liver lipid and glycogen content. Further investigations are needed concerning the safety of chronic glucagon administration for weight control.
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PMID:Suppression of weight gain by glucagon in obese Zucker rats. 672 36

Genetically obese and lean pigs were fed isonitrogenous-isoenergetic (digestible energy) amounts of a high or low fat diet from 25 kg body weight. Obese pigs gained less and required more feed per unit gain than lean pigs. Lean pigs were more muscular with less fat than obese pigs. Obese pigs utilized more dietary amino acids for energy (greater plasma urea N) than did lean pigs. Weight gain was similar at all intermediate periods in obese pigs fed the two diets. However, gain tended (P less than or equal to .10) to be greater and the ratio of dietary energy intake to gain tended (P less than or equal to .10) to be less in obese pigs fed high compared with low fat diets. Similar results were observed in lean pigs fed the two diets. The high fat diet produced more carcass adipose tissue deposition in both strains after 20 wk of feeding (detectable by ultrasound at 14, but not at 7 wk). Adipose tissue lipogenic rate (glucose incorporation) was similarly depressed by fat feeding in both obese and lean pigs. Obese and lean pigs both utilized dietary carbohydrate and fat differentially but there was no indication of genetic divergence regarding this utilization. In both strains of pigs, energy from the fat-enriched diet was preferentially partitioned into carcass adipose tissue.
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PMID:Use of carbohydrate and fat as energy source by obese and lean swine. 672 52

Experimental obesity produced in rats by stereotaxic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) resulted in hyperphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, decreased urine osmolality, and enhanced excretion of total solute and urea. A 24-h water deprivation test revealed the inability of VMH-lesioned rats to increase urine antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excretion. Thus, destruction of the VMH area appears to be accompanied by impairment of ADH secretion, resulting in a diabetes insipidus syndrome that is partially masked by food restriction and improved by treatment with exogenous ADH.
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PMID:Abnormal water turnover associated with hypothalamic obesity. 700 48

Current approaches to infant feeding have been based on the level of available knowledge of nutritional requirements of full term and low birth weight (LBW) infants and on established cultural traditions in many contemporary societies. This discussion summarizes existing information about infant nutrition and immunobiologic aspects of human milk, which may influence the choice of breast versus bottle feeding of infants in different parts of the world. The average caloric requirement for a normal full term infant from the 2nd day of age through the 1st year of life is estimated to be about 100-110 Kcal/kg/day. Caloric intake of less than 80 Kcal/kg/day is usually insufficient for physiologic needs and intakes over the average requirement may be associated with obesity. The minimum requirement for protien has been estimated to be about 1.8 gm/100 Kcal and protein intake of over 4.5 gm/100 Kcal may result in an increased urea nitrogen retention. The nutritional requirements of premature and LBW infants have not been clearly established, but the nutritional needs of a LBW infant appear to be significantly higher than the requirements of a normal full term infant. The chemical composition of human milk exhibits considerable variation between different individuals and in the same individual at different times of lactation, as well as between samples obtained from mothers of LBW infants and full term infants. Fresh milk contains a wealth of components that provide specific and nonspecific defenses against infectious agents or other macromolecules. The concentrations of protein, whey protein nitrogen, sodium and potassium in cow's milk are 2-3 times higher than in human milk. Only limited information is available about the spectrum of environmental chemical and toxins present in cow's milk. The composition of human milk meets the minimum requirements for protein and calories for a growing full term infant, despite the fact that protein content of pooled human milk is low (0.9 gm/ml). Breastfeeding seems to result in a more balanced solute load because breastfed babies appear to require less water than babies fed on cow's milk. Commercial formula products often require reconstitution and supplementation with certain additives during manufacture or at the time of its feeding to the infant. Careful, but sparse epidemiologic studies conducted recently in several rural and urban settings, demonstrated a striking resistance of breastfed infants to colonization by coliform organisms. In modern times possibly the single most important consideration for the use of breastfeeding is its cost. Infants fed human milk do not grow as rapidly as those fed most commercial formulas, but there is no evidence to suggest that rapid growth is a desirable goal of nutrition for normal neonates. Conclusive evidence of overwhelming nutritional advantages of human nilk and breastfeeding over commercial milk products (which are properly reconstituted under sterile conditions) is not available at this time.
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PMID:Human milk and breast feeding: an update on the state of the art. 704 82

Three years of clinical experience with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis are summarized. Serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, hematocrit, nerve conduction velocity, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, serum proteins, and electrolytes have been maintained in acceptable ranges. Peritonitis, although reduced in incidence because of solutions in plastic bags and a new adapter, is still a problem. Excessive carbohydrate absorption, obesity, and high serum triglyceride concentrations may be long-term problems in some patients.
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PMID:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: three-year experience at one center. 738 1

A genetic variant of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been produced which becomes markedly obese as well as hypertensive, i.e. Obese/SHR weigh 800 g as against 300 g for non-obese cohorts. Serum enzymes (CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH) are frequently abnormally elevated, concomitantly with a high incidence of myocardial necrosis. Obese/SHR are hyperlipidaemic with severe fatty infiltration of the liver; they are hyperglycaemic with enormous islets of Langerhans and extensive beta-cell degranulation; despite elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, they manifest little or no renal damage. Measurement of corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and aldosterone in Obese/SHR demonstrate marked hyper-responsiveness to moderate stress. Circulating prolactin levels are lower in Obese and non-obese/SHR compared to SHR, but Obese/SHR manifest unusually high increases incirculating prolactin levels in response to stress. Obese/SHR are hyperinsulinaemic and have subnormal growth-hormone levels. Desite mild hypertension, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia, Obese/SHR show no evidence of atheromatous change but do develop early polyarteritis nodosa. It is believed that the genetically programmed hypertension and hyperglycaemia is mediated by increased DOC, aldosterone and corticosterone production respectively, and that the obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in Obese/SHR may be likened to human Cushing's disease.
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PMID:Pathophysiological differences between obese and non-obese spontaneously hypertensive rats. 742 76


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