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 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The National Nutrition Survey (NNS) in Japan has been undertaken annually since 1946. It was originally intended to provide information on the food and nutrient intake of the Japanese people, with a view to acquiring emergency food supplies from other countries when food shortages caused malnutrition in many Japanese. The food balance sheet (FBS) has been drawn up since 1949 to show the food supply available to the Japanese people. The trends and figures shown by both approaches were similar until the mid-1970s. Since then, however, the disparity between the food supply and the intake of foods and nutrients has been getting larger. National food security means that a country has enough food for everyone. This does not mean, however, that every family has enough food, because the food may not be evenly distributed. In fact, marginal deficiencies in iron and calcium are thought to still exist and there is considerable variation among households in energy intake. In Japan, nutrition and diet are now considered to play important roles in the emerging problems of obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension etc., because of excessive energy intake and deficiency or excessive intake of certain nutrients.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Nutrition trends in Japan. 1170 82

In Singapore. there exists differences in risk factors for coronary heart disease among the three main ethnic groups: Chinese, Malays and Indians. This study aimed to investigate if differences in dietary intakes of fat, types of fat, cholesterol, fruits, vegetables and grain foods could explain the differences in serum cholesterol levels between the ethnic groups. A total of 2408 adult subjects (61.0% Chinese, 21.4% Malays and 17.6% Indians) were selected systematically from the subjects who took part in the National Health Survey in 1998. The design of the study was based on a cross-sectional study. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess intakes of energy, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, fruits, vegetables and cereal-based foods. The Hegsted score was calculated. Serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol were analysed and the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol was computed. The results showed that on a group level (six sex-ethnic groups), Hegsted score, dietary intakes of fat, satutrated fat, cholesterol, vegetables and grain foods were found to be correlated to serum cholesterol levels. However, selected dietary factors did not explain the differences in serum cholesterol levels between ethnic groups when multivariate regression analysis was performed, with adjustment for age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, cigarette smoking, occupation, education level and physical activity level. This cross-sectional study shows that while selected dietary factors are correlated to serum cholesterol at a group level, they do not explain the differences in serum cholesterol levels between ethnic groups independently of age, obesity, occupation, educational level and other lifestyle risk factors.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Can dietary factors explain differences in serum cholesterol profiles among different ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays and Indians) in Singapore? 1170 7

Individuals who were small at birth have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. Barker has put forward a hypothesis to explain this and other associations, known as the 'fetal origins theory of adult disease'. It is proposed that chronic disease is the long-term outcome of physiological adaptations the unborn baby makes when it is undernourished, a process referred to as 'programming'. Maternal nutrition is thought to be a major influence on programming, and growth in childhood as well as obesity in later life may modulate the propensity for disease acquired in the womb. While robust evidence to support specific nutritional interventions during pregnancy is currently lacking, the theory in general affirms broader public health nutritional strategies and policies to improve the social and economic status of women.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Early life influences on later health: the role of nutrition. 1171 Mar 49

Cross-cultural and intervention studies increasingly point the way to seeds like nuts, soy and lentils, and products of them like tempe being cardioprotective. Soy and its products (like tofu, tempe, soy drinks and soy desserts) are historically and currently some of the most important foods in the Asian region where diets remain predominantly plant-based. The mechanisms by which these seeds may protect populations against cardiovascular disease are several. They include the minimisation of classical risk factors like positive energy balance leading to obesity, hypertension. dyslipidemia and insulin resistance with hyperglycaemia. However, in addition, they provide compounds like n-3 fatty acids, isoflavones and arginine which are only now recognised for their ability to optimise other pathways which connect lifestyle to cardiovascular disease--like oxidant status, vascular reactivity and myocardial electrical stability and proneness to dysrhythmia. Thus, once an Asian food culture changes on its emphasis on these plant foods, it may place its consumers at cardiovascular risk.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Candidate foods in the asia-pacific region for cardiovascular protection: nuts, soy, lentils and tempe. 1171 Mar 52

This review elucidates the importance of healthy dietary and lifestyle habits to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Given published evidence of the poor compliance, increased cost, and decreased benefit/risk ratios of medical therapies, individuals (and populations) are encouraged to adopt healthy life habits. The three most atherogenic dietary risk factors are saturated fat, cholesterol and obesity. Dietary patterns associated with the consumption of grains and grain-based foods predict risk of CHD independently of other life habits. Epidemiological and intervention studies elucidating the strong protective associations of grains, cereal fibers and anti-oxidant vitamins on CHD are reviewed. In summary, the consumption of grains and grain-based cereals is repeatedly associated with the ingestion of many nutrients, e.g., dietary fiber and anti-oxidants, that alter energy balance and nutrient intakes to positively affect cardiovascular health, especially when combined with healthy life habits,
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Candidate foods in the Asia-Pacific region for cardiovascular protection: relevance of grains and grain-based foods to coronary heart disease. 1171 Mar 51

The change of lifestyle of Chinese people, along with the development of the national economy, has caused significant changes of the disease pattern in China. This includes the shift from predominantly communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. This paper summarises epidemiology research results on the relationship between diet, nutrition and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) available in China. Most data used in this paper are from correlation studies. While the information is very useful in generating hypotheses on dietary and nutritional risk factors for CVD, both prospective studies and population-based intervention trials are needed to further verify these hypotheses. The information in this review clearly shows that diet and nutrition play important roles in the occurrence of CVD and hypertension in the Chinese population. Therefore, dietary means should be an important part of the strategies for the control of CVD and hypertension in China.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Implications from and for food cultures for cardiovascular disease: diet, nutrition and cardiovascular diseases in China. 1171 Mar 56

The association between abdominal obesity and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now well recognized. Both problems are becoming more prevalent within the Asia-Pacific region, but there are substantial differences within and between countries. The strength of the temporal relationship between obesity and CVD in the region has led to the suggestion that obesity is the driving force behind the continuing epidemic of CVD. This raises the question as to whether there are any special aspects to the Asia-Pacific epidemic of obesity and resultant problems as a result of genetic or developmental factors. It is clear that the experience of central obesity and its cardiovascular consequences in western society cannot be directly transposed to all countries in the region. Issues such as smoking, alcohol use and inactivity may carry different implications. The Asia-Pacific region has started from low baseline prevalence of both obesity and CVD. but this implies that the potential for major problems in the future is particularly severe.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Cardiovascular risk in the Asia-Pacific region from a nutrition and metabolic point of view: visceral obesity. 1171 Mar 62

The level of obesity within the Pacific Islands is extremely high and so is the prevalence of weight-related morbidity and mortality. In contrast, the level of obesity, as defined by the standard WHO classification, remains relatively low in most Asian countries, yet rates of obesity-related disease, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease are increasing rapidly. Many Asian races appear to be susceptible to the development of excessive abdominal fatness, even at low levels of body mass index (BMI). In addition, the health consequences of weight gain appear to occur at much lower levels of BMI and are more intense than in those of European origin. The exact reasons for these ethnic variations in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) remain unclear. It is likely that genetic differences contribute to this variation in CHD risk, but different dietary and physical activity patterns may also play a role. The advent of modernisation has resulted in marked changes in the level of physical activity and the food supply available throughout the Asia-Pacific region. There has been a shift towards higher intakes of fats (particularly animal fats and vegetable oils) and sugars. Urbanisation and occupational restructuring have reduced daily physical activity levels. As a result, the population mean BMI and consequent illness is increasing in many countries within the region. Recent studies have shown that infants who were undernourished in utero and then born small have a greater risk of developing abdominal obesity and related morbidity as adults. As undernutrition coexists with overnutrition throughout the Asia-Pacific, focusing efforts to improve nutrition during pregnancy will need to be combined with programs to prevent weight gain in adults if CHD and other chronic diseases are to be effectively tackled in the region.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Cardiovascular risk in the Asia-Pacific region from a nutrition and metabolic point of view: abdominal obesity. 1171 Mar 63

In this paper, the possible reasons for the prevalence of hypertension in the Asia-Pacific region are examined, along with its likely dietary, nutritional and sociocultural causes. This brief survey indicates the need for more comprehensive blood pressure monitoring and surveillance throughout the region. Findings from research conducted in the region and elsewhere suggest that a variety of aetiological factors predict the occurrence of hypertension, most of which are similar to those observed in western populations. However, several lines of research suggest that obesity, abdominal obesity and a number of dietary constituents, in addition to salt. may play relatively greater roles than in western populations. It is argued that hypertension may be prevented via a combination of individual, community and governmental approaches which promote social capital, environmentally sustainable food production and the public health.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001
PMID:Diet and hypertension in the Asia-Pacific region: a brief review. 1171 Mar 65

Diabetes mellitus is now a serious and increasing problem in Asian countries, where dietary patterns have shifted toward Westernized foods and people are becoming more sedentary. In order to elucidate the relationship of dietary habits to the development of diabetic risk factors, the dietary patterns of 200 Fijian, 171 Japanese and 181 Vietnamese women of 30-39 years of age were investigated using 3 day-24 h recall or dietary records. Anthropometric measurements and glycosuria tests were also conducted. The dietary trends of Fijians and Japanese have changed drastically in the past 50 years, while Vietnamese have been minimally influenced by Western dietary habits. The mean 24 h dietary intake showed that Fijians had the highest energy intake. Energy intake from fat was only 13% for Vietnamese, but over 30% for Japanese and Fijians. Percentage of body fat was higher in Vietnamese than in Japanese, though there were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI). In the overweight and obese women, Vietnamese had higher abdominal obesity than Japanese. The prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) was 63.0% for Fijians, 1.8% for Japanese and 1.1% for Vietnamese. Glycosuria testing yielded the most positive cases among Fijians. Dietary transition and dietary excess appear to be potential risk factors for diabetes in Fijian women.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002
PMID:Dietary patterns and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Fijian, Japanese and Vietnamese populations. 1189 Jun 44


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