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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

BMC and BMD of the total body bone and lumbar spine were measured in normal control and patients with metabolic bone diseases by DPA (Dichromatic Bone Densitometer Model 2600, Norland corporation). Also, total body fat mass was measured in patients with obesity. We discussed basic technical problems and showed some data to assess patients with metabolic diseases known to affect the skeleton such as primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. DPA is useful technique to assess patients with metabolic bone diseases and to monitor the efficacy of treatments.
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PMID:[Dual photon absorptiometry]. 231 20

A new method of nutritional assessment was developed on the basis of Quetelet's equation. The equation for the Body Mass Coefficient: BMC = M1,425 x 71.84/L1,275 (M - body mass in kg; L - height in cm) made it possible to draw a curve and to compile a table of normal values for boys and girls aged 4-18 years. Population data for children and adolescents from Warsaw were used. The sensitivity of the method is very high for detecting weight deficiences below the 10th percentile but the method should also be suitable as a screening test for obesity.
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PMID:[Body mass coefficient: a proposal of a new method of nutritional assessment]. 868 64

The effect of weight, classified by body mass index (BMI), on bone mass (BMC) of the whole body and on bone mineral density BMD of the hip joint was analysed in a sample of 120 Austrians of Vienna and surroundings. The 68 females and 52 males of this cross sectional study ranged in age between 60 and 92 years (x = 71.7 +/- 7.7). Age distribution was not significantly different between sexes. The WHO (1997) classification of body mass index (BMI) was used for weight classification, i.e. normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.99) and moderate overweight (BMI 25.0-29.99). Obese subjects (BMI 30+) were not included in this study. Bone mass of the whole body as well as bone density of the hip joint were determined by Dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) using a hologic 2000 scanner. As expected BMC and BMD values were significantly higher in males than in females. While in both females and males moderately overweight BMD of the hip was significantly higher than in those with normal BMI, statistically significant differences of BMC were restricted to females only. Such positive association between body weight and BMC and BMD is in agreement with previous studies on mature subjects, and menopausal and postmenopausal women in particular. In addition, this study demonstrates corresponding positive associations between moderate overweight and bone mass and -density in the elderly and old aged.
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PMID:Protective effect of moderate overweight on bone density of the hip joint in elderly and old Austrians. 1216 64

There has been a lack of consistency in detecting chromosomal loci that are linked to obesity-related traits. This may be due, in part, to the phenotype definition. Many studies use a one-time, single measurement as a phenotype while one's weight often fluctuates considerably throughout adulthood. Longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study were used to derive alternative phenotypes that may lead to more consistent findings. Body mass index (BMI), a measurement for obesity, is known to increase with age and then plateau or decline slightly; the decline phase may represent a threshold or survivor effect. We propose to use the weight gain phase of BMI to derive phenotypes useful for linkage analysis of obesity. Two phenotypes considered in the present study are the average of and the slope of the BMI measurements in the gain phase (gain mean and gain slope). For comparison, we also considered the average of all BMI measurements available (overall mean). Linkage analysis using the gain mean phenotype exhibited two markers with LOD scores greater than 3, with the largest score of 3.52 on chromosome 4 at ATA2A03. In contrast, no LOD scores greater than 3 were observed when overall mean was used. The gain slope produced weak evidence for linkage on chromosome 4 with a multipoint LOD score of 1.77 at GATA8A05. Our analysis shows how omitting the decline phase of BMI in the definition of obesity phenotypes can result in evidence for linkage which might have been otherwise overlooked.
BMC Genet 2003 Dec 31
PMID:The genetics of cross-sectional and longitudinal body mass index. 1497 82

HEALTH ISSUE: Body weight is of physical and psychological importance to Canadian women; it is associated with health status, physical activity, body image, and self-esteem. Although the problems associated with overweight and obesity are indeed serious, there are also problems connected to being underweight. Weight prejudice and the dieting industry intensify body image concerns for Canadian women and can have a major negative impact on self-esteem. KEY FINDINGS: Women have lower BMIs than men, a lower incidence of being overweight and a higher incidence of being underweight. However, women across all weight categories are more dissatisfied with their bodies. Sixty percent of women are inactive, and women with a BMI of 27 or higher are more likely to be inactive than women with lower BMIs. The data show that women are aware of the health benefits of exercise, but there is a gap between knowledge and practice. When asked about barriers to health improvement, 39.7% of women cited lack of time and 39.2% lack of willpower. DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Weight prejudice must be made unacceptable and positive body image should be encouraged and diversity valued. Health policies should encourage healthy eating and healthy activity. Health curricula for young students should include information about healthy eating, active lifestyle, and self-esteem. Physical activities that mothers can participate in with their families should be encouraged. Research should be funded to elucidate the most effective methods of getting women to become and remain physically active without focusing on appearance.
BMC Womens Health 2004 Aug 25
PMID:Body Weight and Body Image. 1534 68

HEALTH ISSUE: Overweight and obesity have been recognized as major public health concern in Canada and throughout the world. Lack of physical activity, through its impact on energy balance, has been identified as an important modifiable risk factor for obesity. Physical activity and obesity are also important risk factors for a variety of chronic diseases. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of physical activity and overweight/obesity among Canadian women. KEY FINDINGS: For all ages combined more women (57%) than men (50%) are physically inactive (energy expenditure <1.5 KKD). Physical activity increases as income adequacy and educational level decrease. Physical inactivity also varies by ethnicity. The prevalence of both overweight (BMI 25.0 - 29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI >/= 30 kg/m2) Canadian women has increased 7% since 1985. Obesity increases with age and is highest among women reporting low and lower middle incomes and lower levels of education. The prevalence of obesity is highest among Aboriginal women and men (28% and 22% respectively). DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: There is currently no surveillance system in Canada to monitor the level of physical activity among children, those performing activity at work, at school or in the home. There is a gap in the knowledge surrounding socio-cultural and ecological determinants of physical activity and obesity and the associations of these to chronic disease among women and minority populations. Multi-sectoral policy interventions that act to decrease the broad systemic barriers to physical activity and healthy weights among all women are needed.
BMC Womens Health 2004 Aug 25
PMID:Physical Activity and Obesity in Canadian Women. 1534 69

HEALTH ISSUE: Although lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths for Canadian women, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed. About 5400 women are expected to die from this disease in 2003. In 1998, a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer was about one in nine. KEY FINDINGS: A number of risk factors for breast cancer have been identified. These include advancing age, hormonal factors (eg. early menarche, late menopause and late age at first full-term pregnancy), familial risk, BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 gene mutations, diet and postmenopausal obesity.Several interventions have been introduced to assist women at high risk for breast cancer, including genetic counseling and testing for women who have strong family histories of breast cancer; selective estrogen receptor modifiers, such as tamoxifen, that has been shown to reduce breast cancer rates; prophylactic mastectomy and screening. DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Guidelines are unclear in several areas, particularly in screening. Where clinical guidelines are available, health services research or ongoing monitoring (by provincial/territorial cancer agencies) is needed to assess compliance with the guidelines and to ensure equity of access within the provinces/territories.Key components of organized screening programs need to be established, in part to ensure that screening is carried out in high-quality, co-ordinated programs. There is also a need to develop ways to involve women fully in informed decision-making and to address several policy issues to prevent disparities in access to high-quality services. Patenting issues associated with genetic tests also need to be clarified.
BMC Womens Health 2004 Aug 25
PMID:Breast Cancer in Canadian Women. 1534 75

HEALTH ISSUE: In Canada, cancers of the endometrium, ovaries, vulva, vagina, placenta and adnexa account for 11% of all malignant neoplasms in women and 81% of all genital cancers. Although the incidence and mortality from vulvar and vaginal cancers are very low, endometrium and ovarian cancer are important public health problems. KEY FINDINGS: In Canada, there has been no appreciable improvement in survival for women with advanced endometrial (EC) or ovarian cancer (OC) over the past 30 years. The prognosis of EC is good for most patients because diagnosis is made at early stages. However, survival of OC is poor; more than 70% of cases are diagnosed at late stages. Up to 10% of OCs is linked to familial aggregation. Cancers of the vulva and of the vagina are very rare. The survival experience for women with the latter is worse than for those with the former. Both share many risk factors with cervical cancer and the recent developments in the study of HPV infection should be applicable to these diseases as well. Of particular interest will be the advent of vaccines for the primary prevention of HPV infection. DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: At present, the best available means to diagnose gynecologic malignancies is a detailed clinical examination, considering the totality of information on potential and proven risk factors, such as age, reproductive health, sexual practices, use unopposed estrogens or of oral contraceptives or tubal ligation, obesity, diet, smoking, and the familial clustering of some of these cancers.
BMC Womens Health 2004 Aug 25
PMID:Other Gynecologic Cancers: endometrial, ovarian, vulvar and vaginal cancers. 1534 77

HEALTH ISSUE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic health condition affecting 4.8% of Canadian adults >/= 20 years of age. The prevalence increases with age. According to the National Diabetes Surveillance System (NDSS) (1998-1999), approximately 12% of Canadians aged 60-74 years are affected. One-third of cases may remain undiagnosed. The projected increase in DM prevalence largely results from rising rates of obesity and inactivity. KEY FINDINGS: DM in Canada appears to be more common among men than women. However, among Aboriginal Canadians, two-thirds of affected individuals are women. Although obesity is more prevalent among men than women (35% vs. 27%), the DM risk associated with obesity is greater for women. Socio-economic status is inversely related to DM prevalence but the income-related disparities are greater among women. Polycystic ovarian syndrome affects 5-7% of reproductive-aged women and doubles their risk for DM. Women with gestational diabetes frequently develop DM over the next 10 years. DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Studies of at risk ethnic/racial groups and women with gestational diabetes are needed. Age and culturally sensitive programs need to be developed and evaluated. Studies of low-income diabetic women are required before determining potential interventions. Lifestyle programs in schools and workplaces are needed to promote well-being and combat obesity/inactivity, together with lobbying of the food industry for needed changes. High depression rates among diabetic women influence self-care ability and health care expenditures. Health professionals need further training in the use of effective counseling skills that will assist people with DM to make and maintain difficult behavioural changes.
BMC Womens Health 2004 Aug 25
PMID:Diabetes in Canadian Women. 1534 79

BACKGROUND: Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism are frequently observed in cirrhosis. We conducted this study to define the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in Iranian patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), and explore the factors associated with DM in these patients. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-five patients with CLD were enrolled into the study. Fasting plasma glucose and two-hour plasma glucose were measured in patients' sera. DM and IGT were diagnosed according to the latest American Diabetes Association criteria. RESULTS: The subjects included 42 inactive HBV carriers with a mean age of 42.2 +/- 12.0 years, 102 patients with HBV or HCV chronic hepatitis with a mean age of 41.2 +/- 10.9 years, and 41 cirrhotic patients with a mean age of 52.1 +/- 11.4 years. DM and IGT were diagnosed in 40 (21.6%) and 21 (11.4%) patients, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that age (P = 0.000), CLD status (P = 0.000), history of hypertension (P = 0.007), family history of DM (P = 0.000), and body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.009) were associated with DM. Using Multivariate analysis, age (OR = 4.7, 95%CI: 1.8-12.2), family history of DM (OR = 6.6, 95%CI: 2.6-17.6), chronic hepatitis (OR = 11.6, 95%CI: 2.9-45.4), and cirrhosis (OR = 6.5, 95%CI: 2.4-17.4) remained as the factors independently associated with DM. When patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis were analyzed separately, higher Child-Pugh's score in cirrhotic patients (OR = 9.6, 95%CI: 1.0-88.4) and older age (OR = 7.2, 95%CI: 1.0-49.1), higher fibrosis score (OR = 59.5, 95%CI: 2.9-1211.3/ OR = 11.9, 95%CI: 1.0-132.2), and higher BMI (OR = 30.3, 95%CI: 3.0-306.7) in patients with chronic hepatitis were found to be associated with higher prevalence of DM. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis are at the increased risk of DM occurrence. Older age, severe liver disease, and obesity were associated with DM in these patients.
BMC Endocr Disord 2004 Nov 19
PMID:Prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus among Iranian patients with chronic liver disease. 1555 59


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