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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been estimated that 30-40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by lifestyle and dietary measures alone. Obesity, nutrient sparse foods such as concentrated sugars and refined flour products that contribute to impaired glucose metabolism (which leads to diabetes), low fiber intake, consumption of red meat, and imbalance of omega 3 and omega 6 fats all contribute to excess cancer risk. Intake of flax seed, especially its lignan fraction, and abundant portions of fruits and vegetables will lower cancer risk. Allium and cruciferous vegetables are especially beneficial, with broccoli sprouts being the densest source of sulforophane. Protective elements in a cancer prevention diet include selenium, folic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, chlorophyll, and antioxidants such as the carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin). Ascorbic acid has limited benefits orally, but could be very beneficial intravenously. Supplementary use of oral digestive enzymes and probiotics also has merit as anticancer dietary measures. When a diet is compiled according to the guidelines here it is likely that there would be at least a 60-70 percent decrease in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers, and even a 40-50 percent decrease in lung cancer, along with similar reductions in cancers at other sites. Such a diet would be conducive to preventing cancer and would favor recovery from cancer as well.
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PMID:Nutrition and cancer: a review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. 1549 24

Obesity has been linked to lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] values, but whether this relationship plays a role in the poorer vitamin D status observed in blacks vs. whites is not clear. This study examines the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and percent body fat (%BF) by race in 6042 women (3567 non-Hispanic whites and 2475 non-Hispanic blacks), aged 12+ yr, from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994). Serum 25(OH)D values were measured with an RIA kit (DiaSorin), and %BF was calculated from bioelectrical impedance analysis. Adjusting for %BF only slightly reduced differences in mean serum 25(OH)D by race. The negative relationship between serum 25(OH)D and %BF was noticeably stronger in whites than in blacks of the same age. Within race, the relationship was stronger in younger than older individuals. Adjusting for confounders reduced, but did not remove, these differences in relationship strength. In conclusion, the serum 25(OH)D-%BF relationship in women varies both by race (stronger in whites than blacks) and age (stronger in younger than older persons). This complex relationship may explain why differences in obesity do not appear to play a major role in explaining variation in serum 25(OH)D by race.
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PMID:Body fat and vitamin D status in black versus white women. 1554 97

Beneficial effects from any particular diet have not been proven in multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, the general guidelines on nutrition should be followed. Obesity and various forms of malnutrition worsening the MS symptoms are frequently observed. There is some evidence from epidemiological studies that a high consumption of saturated animal fat is associated with an increased incidence of MS. The findings from such studies indicate that supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids, in particular omega-3 fatty acids, could positively influence the course of MS. However, controlled studies did not show clear beneficial effects from polyunsaturated fatty acids. The intake of vitamin D is associated with a lower incidence of MS. In contrast, the effects of therapy with vitamin D on the course of MS have not been ascertained. Patients with MS carry an enormous risk of osteoporosis, and therefore the indication for a preventive therapy with vitamin D and calcium should be established in every postmenopausal woman or after repeated steroid treatments.
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PMID:[Diet and multiple sclerosis]. 1558 Apr 70

Infants and toddler's nutrition must take into account growth speed, degree of maturation and development, and physical activity. In early infancy mother milk is still the matchless reference that milk companies try to imitate in terms of nutritional and functional efficiency. Alternatives to breast-milk are represented by several kinds of infant formula. The choice between this multitude must be made regarding the composition, the scientifically proven claim and the infant tolerance, being cautious of inopportune milk shifting which are useless and potentially deleterious. Up to 4 to 6 months, milk is sufficient by itself, except for vitamin D. Afterwards, servings must take into account progressive introduction of solid foods attempting to keep as long as possible an adapted milk (follow-on and growing-up formula). Clinical monitoring must focus on preventing deficiencies and overeating, with special regards to calcium and iron supplies and to obesity prevention.
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PMID:[The main principles of nutrition from 0 to 3 years of age]. 1567 71

Adequate energy intake including carbohydrates is essential to maintain bone mass. Emaciation along with deficiency in nutrients, such as calcium, vitamin D, and protein is a significant risk factor for bone loss, and should be avoided. However, there is no clinical evidence that shows the direct effects of carbohydrate on bone mass. On the other hand, excessive intake of carbohydrates results in obesity, which causes other metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, dietary regimen must be balanced in general, and complications and conditions of individual patients should be taken well into account. In addition, energy intake is a basis for adequate exercise in order to maintain physical activity and ideal body weight, which will further decrease the risk of bone fracture. Some indigestible carbohydrates, such as inulin and oligofructose, are shown to increase the availability of minerals from foods, and thus can be beneficial to bone mass.
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PMID:[Osteoporosis and intake of carbohydrates]. 1580 84

Medical nutrition therapy is the only accepted treatment for celiac disease. This paper summarizes a review of scientific studies using the gluten-free diet, nutritional risk factors, controversial elements of the diet, and its implementation in treating celiac disease. Treatment for celiac disease requires elimination of the storage proteins found in wheat, rye, and barley. The inclusion of oats and wheat starch is controversial. Research supports that oats may be acceptable for patients with celiac disease and can improve the nutritional quality of the diet. However, use of oats is not widely recommended in the United States because of concerns of potential contamination of commercial oats. Studies assessing the contamination of commercial oats are limited. Research indicates no differences in patients choosing a strict wheat starch-containing, gluten-free diet vs. a naturally gluten-free diet. Factors other than trace gluten may be the cause of continued villous atrophy in some patients. The impact of nutrient malabsorption caused from untreated celiac disease is well documented. The diet and gluten-free products are often low in B vitamins, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, magnesium, and fiber. Few gluten-free products are enriched or fortified, adding to the risk of nutrient deficiencies. Patients newly diagnosed or inadequately treated have low bone mineral density, imbalanced macronutrients, low fiber intake, and micronutrient deficiencies. Also troubling is the increased incidence of obesity seen in persons with celiac disease following a gluten-free diet. Because of the nutritional risks associated with celiac disease, a registered dietitian must be part of the health care team that monitors the patient's nutritional status and compliance on a regular basis.
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PMID:Dietary guidelines and implementation for celiac disease. 1582 19

Obesity is increasing in the United States in epidemic proportions. Epidemiologic data suggest that people with high calcium intake have a lower prevalence of overweight, obesity, and insulin resistance syndrome. Studies in transgenic mice have demonstrated that calcium influences adipocyte metabolism. High calcium intake depresses levels of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-hydroxy vitamin D. These decreased hormone levels cause decreases in intracellular calcium, thereby inhibiting lipogenesis and stimulating lipolysis. High dietary calcium intakes also increases excretion of fecal fat and may increase core body temperature. Calcium from dairy products seems to have more of an impact than calcium from dietary supplements. Primary care providers should include recommendations about adequate calcium intake in standard dietary counseling about weight management.
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PMID:Dietary calcium intake and obesity. 1587 68

Vitamin D deficiency may occur throughout the life cycle, and is described as an unrecognized epidemic. The risk of deficiency may be increased by darker skin color, overweight and obesity, and low vitamin D intakes, while living in low latitudes and not using protective measures against the sun may decrease risk. However, a recent study reported that Hispanic adults living in the high-sun-exposure area of Miami have a high prevalence of poor vitamin D status in the winter, suggesting that living at low latitudes alone does not protect against vitamin D deficiency. The vitamin D status of Hispanics needs further investigation, given the large number of Hispanics living in southern regions of the United States and the emerging role of vitamin D in numerous health disorders.
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PMID:Living in low-latitude regions in the United States does not prevent poor vitamin D status. 1602 64

Early feeding may modify the risk of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) later in life. The information generated so far is, however, controversial. When evaluating studies on the impact of early feeding on risk of later diabetes, the data have to be assessed critically and possible confounding factors have to be considered. The study design may induce biases and there are considerable differences in early feeding practices across various countries and cultures. Accordingly it may not be possible to generalise observations based on one population. Long breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding in particular, and supplementation with vitamin D in infancy have been reported to confer partial protection against beta-cell autoimmunity and TID. In contrast, early exposure to cow's milk proteins and cereals and heavy weight in infancy have been implicated as risk factors for T1D. Long breastfeeding has also been observed to protect against T2D in aboriginal populations. Poor fetal nutrition resulting in low birth weight has been identified as a factor contributing to later insulin resistance and T2D. Recent data indicate that current overweight and obesity are stronger determinants of insulin resistance than birth weight among preschool children. High-nutrient diet and rapid growth in early infancy have been reported to adversely programme the principal components of the metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance and T2D. It is an important scientific and public-health objective to define protective and predisposing effects of early nutrition on the development of diabetes, since early feeding can potentially be modified to minimise the risk of later chronic diseases.
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PMID:Early nutrition and later diabetes risk. 1613 19

The importance of food in health promotion and disease prevention is well known. The aims of our study were to evaluate the daily energy intake of an adult group; to study the association of a 24 hour recall (R24h) and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ); to analyse energy intake variation with obesity and to verify if our sample had an ingestion according to DRI's. We studied a convenience sample of Portuguese adult population of 154 office workers (121 women), with a mean of ages of 44.2 +/- 12.1 years. We used a self administered FFQ and a R24h to evaluate food habits. Middle number of meals was 4.8 +/- 1.0 meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner were the most frequent). Middle daily ingestion was 1908 +/- 559 kcal. Men had a superior energy intake at all meals, except at afternoon snack and supper. We did not find any relation between BMI and food intake, BMI is only related with age. We compared our sample ingestion with DRI's and verified that vitamins B1, B2, B12, B6, C, niacin, Fe and P, were totally reached, and the inverse was obtained in Zn, folate, vitamin D and E, pantothenic acid and biotin. We conclude that our sample ingestion of protein is higher than the recommended, carbohydrates is less consume than the recommended and only recommendations of fat and alcohol consumption were in agreement with WHO recommendations.
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PMID:[Circadian energy intake evaluation of a group of office workers in Porto]. 1619 53


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