Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

After bypass operation for obesity the remaining lactose-hydrolyzing capacity of the functioning shunt is very low, especially if the shunt is constructed from a shorter jejunal and a longer ileal segment. In most cases a temporary decrease in the lactase activity of the jejunal part of the shunt occurs during the first postoperative months. In the present study lactose provoked or aggravated diarrhoea and other symptoms in 20 of 33 shunt-operated patients, and 10 patients reported milk intolerance postoperatively. Oral glucose tolerance tests indicated that the lactase activity was rate limiting for lactose absorption postoperatively.
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PMID:Lactose malabsorption after bypass operation for obesity. 9 6

Enzyme activity changes in the functioning segment (the shunt) of the small intestine during the first 6 months after by-pass operation for obesity were investigated. At the ligament of Treitz no significant changes in disaccharidase activities occurred, whereas two intracellular beta-galactosidases showed increased activities after 1 month. In the jejunal part of the shunt (studied in patients operated on with a long jejunal functioning segment) there was an in most cases temporary decrease in lactase activity after 1 month. Other enzymes studied showed less pronounced changes. In the ileal part of the shunt (studied in patients operated on with a long ileal functioning segment) the initially low enzyme activities increased especially after 6 months towards the levels normally seen in the jejunal mucosa. The lactase activity, however, remained low also after 6 months. Adaptive changes in the functioning small-intestinal segment is probably an important factor in weight stabilization and, in some cases, in the weight increase that recurs after the initial period of rapid weight loss after by-pass operation for obesity.
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PMID:Mucosal enzyme activities in the functioning intestine one and six months after jejuno-ileal by-pass operation for obesity. 11 70

The effect of a new complex oligosaccharide (Bay g 5421) of microbial origin on human intestinal alpha-glucosidehydrolase activity was tested in mucosal homogenate from human small bowel biopsy specimens. The alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-GHI) exerted a potent inhibitory effect on glucoamylase, sucrase, and maltase, was minimally effective on isomaltase, and did not affect trehalase and lactase activity. Kinetic analysis revealed a fully competitive type of inhibition with a Ki of 1.3 x 10(-6) M; thus the inhibitor had a 15,000-fold higher affinity to the enzyme sucrase than its natural substrate sucrose. The new compound may prove to be useful in the study of carbohydrate maldigestion and malabsorption and may possibly be of therapeutic benefit in diabetes and obesity.
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PMID:Inhibition of human intestinal alpha-glucosidehydrolases by a new complex oligosaccharide. 44 22

Small intestinal morphologic and biochemical changes were studied following jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity after body weight stabilization had occurred. Four patients underwent biopsy of in-continuity and bypassed jejunal and ileal segments of the small intestine 11 to 22 months after the bypass operation. Microscopically, marked mucosal villus hypertrophy of the in-continuity bowel was observed, especially in the ileum. Bypassed jejunal mucosa underwent atrophy compared with pre-bypass jejunum, whereas bypassed ileum appeared similar microscopically to pre-bypass ileum. The specific activities of mucosal disaccharidase enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase and trehalase) in units per mg protein remained similar to pre-bypass levels in segments of the in-continuity jejunum and the bypassed jejunum and ileum. On the other hand, elevated mucosal disaccharidase levels were measured in biopsy specimens of the in-continuity ileum. Total enzyme activity per unit length of intestine, however, was estimated to be elevated in both in-continuity jejunum and ileum secondary to mucosal villus hypertrophy. These data indicate that following small bowel bypass: (1) the in-continuity ileum undergoes greater biochemical and morphologic adaptation than the jejunum; and (2) intraluminal nutrients and chyme appear to be essential to maximal intestinal adaptation.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal adaptation following small bowel bypass for obesity. 87 Dec 20

Intestinal adaptation was studied in six patients with massive obesity treated by jejuno-ileal bypass operation. Glucose absorption in the jejunum was measured by a perfusion technique. The morphometric and enzymatic measurements were carried out on biopsies from the proximal jejunum and the distal ileum. Results obtained before and six months after the operation were compared. The glucose absorption per unit length of jejunum was unchanged at a glucose concentration of 66 mmol/l in the perfusate but increased significantly at a glucose concentration of 133 mmol/l (p less 0.025). The mean sucrase activity did not change, whereas the lactase activity increased significantly in the jejunum and ileum. The mean villus height increased significantly, while the epithelial cell height and cell width were unchanged both in the jejunum and the ileum, suggesting that the operation resulted in epithelial cell hyperplasia. The glucose absorption in the jejunum was positively correlated with the villus height (r = 0.76), which suggests that the increased glucose absorption was related to an increased number of epithelial cells.
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PMID:Intestinal adaptation after jejuno-ileal bypass operation for massive obesity. 97 97

The longitudinal distribution of various enzymes along the human small intestine was studied by analysis of biopsies from different parts of the small intestine, obtained from 13 patients during shunt-operation for severe obesity. Alkaline phosphatase and 3 glycolytic enzyme activities studied were rather uniformly distributed along the small intestine. Acid beta-galactosidase and hetero beta-galactosidase activities were highest in the proximal small intestine with a gradual decline throughout the intestine. The activity in the distal ileum was about half of the maximum activity. Maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, and trehalase activity had a broad maximum in the proximal and middle small intestine with a rather sharp decrease in the distal ileum. Lactase activity had a more pronounced maximum in the middle intestine with a pronounced decrease towards the proximal and distal ends. The disaccharidase activities in surgical biopsies taken 5 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz were about 10% higher than in peroral biopsies taken just at the ligament.
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PMID:Distribution of disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, and some intracellular enzymes along the human small intestine. 117 59

The relationship between obesity and the digestion of carbohydrates is poorly understood. Data in humans have provided conflicting results. Studies using the obese mouse (C57BL/6Jobob) suggest that obesity is associated with increased activity of intestinal alpha-disaccharidases. To evaluate the developmental pattern of these enzyme activities in obesity, we determined the activity of sucrase and lactase in the small intestine of genetically obese mice (C57BL/6Jobob) and lean littermates at 3 and 10 weeks of age. Sucrase and lactase activities were measured on intestinal homogenates from segments of the small intestine in mice maintained on standard laboratory diets during the postweaning period. Results were expressed as specific activity and total activity per intestinal segment. Obese mice did not differ from lean littermates in body weight at 3 weeks of age, but exhibited increased protein content in the proximal small intestine. Sucrase specific activity was significantly higher in the obese mice at 3 weeks of age in all intestinal segments. Sucrase total activity showed a similar pattern. At 10 weeks of age, body weights of obese mice were substantially greater than the lean littermates. Sucrase specific and total activities were also greater in the obese mice at 10 weeks of age. Lactase specific activity, however, was similar in both obese and lean mice at both ages studied. Lactase total activity was greater in the obese mice, consistent with their greater intestinal mass. These observations demonstrate that changes in the intestinal sucrase activity of the obese mouse precede the development of excessive body weight.
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PMID:Age-related changes in sucrase and lactase activity in the small intestine of 3- and 10-week-old obese mice (C57BL/6Jobob). 211 45

The activities of intestinal disaccharidases are known to be responsive to changes in the dietary intake of carbohydrates in the adult rat. Little is known, however, regarding the activities of these enzymes in obese subjects and how they are affected by differing carbohydrate intakes. To evaluate the effect of carbohydrate intake on the activity of intestinal disaccharidases in obesity, we used the genetically obese mouse C57BL/6J obob as an experimental model. Representing an example of early-onset obesity and mature-onset diabetes, this animal is characteristically hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic. Groups of obese mice and lean littermates were fed for 7 weeks equal amounts of either high-dextrose or low-dextrose isoenergetic diets. Sucrase, maltase, and lactase activities were measured on intestinal homogenates from the proximal and middle portions of the jejunoileum (upper and lower jejunum). Results were expressed as activity per tissue protein as well as total activity. Obese mice were found to have consistently greater total activity of both sucrase and maltase than their lean littermates, mostly as a result of increased intestinal size. Total lactase activity, however, was similar in the upper jejunum in both obese and lean mice, largely related to a decreased specific activity in obese mice. All mice fed the high-dextrose diet had significantly increased total activity of all disaccharidases studied when compared to the low-dextrose-fed animals, except for the lactase activity in the lower jejunum, where no differences were found in either group. Increases in activity related to high carbohydrate intake were a result of increases in specific activity.
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PMID:Effect of a high-dextrose diet on sucrase and lactase activity in jejunum of obese mice (C57BL/6J obob). 309 6

Federal health goals for the public have focused on reducing health disparities that exist between whites and various racial and ethnic groups. Many of the chronic diseases for which African Americans are at greater risk- hypertension, stroke, colon cancer, and obesity-may be exacerbated by a low intake of calcium and/or other dairy-related nutrients. For example, a low intake of dairy food nutrients, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, may contribute to the high risk of hypertension seen in African Americans. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study demonstrated that a low-fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables (8 to 10 servings) and low-fat dairy foods (3 servings) significantly reduced blood pressure-and was twice as effective in African-American participants. Calcium and dairy food consumption is particularly low among African-American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. Average intakes are near the threshold of 600 to 700 mg/day, below which bone loss and hypertension can result. Although lactose intolerance may be partly to blame for the low calcium intakes due to reduced dairy food consumption by minority populations, culturally determined food preferences and dietary practices learned early in life also play a role. The high incidence figures for primary lactose maldigestion among minority groups grossly overestimates the number who will experience intolerance symptoms after drinking a glass of milk with a meal. Randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that by using a few simple dietary strategies, those who maldigest lactose (have low levels of the lactase enzyme) can easily tolerate a dairy-rich diet that meets calcium intake recommendations. Physicians and other health professionals can help their minority patients and the general public understand how to improve calcium nutrition by overcoming the surmountable barrier of lactose intolerance. At the same time they will be helping to reduce the incidence of calcium-related chronic diseases for which minority populations are at high risk.
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PMID:Overcoming the barrier of lactose intolerance to reduce health disparities. 1185 47

In analyzing the connections between nutrition and anthropology, it should be noted that the state of knowledge and available techniques are not yet sufficiently developed to support conclusions about such questions as the universality of dietary norms. Food choices are above all cultural, although they are limited by the physical environment and technological capacities. Human beings have some dietary constraints imposed by metabolic needs, but they manifest great ability to adapt to different dietary regimes, from the exclusive vegetarianism of Hindus to the almost exclusively animal-based diet of the Eskimos. In most parts of the world, the contribution of proteins is remarkably stable at about 12% of total caloric intake. Numerous examples of genetic adaptation illustrate the flexibility of humans. Many African populations, for example, have deficits of intestinal lactase, but herding groups do not. the diet of parts of the New Guinea highlands is almost completely lacking in proteins, but body growth is not inhibited. Such examples raise questions about the applicability of Recommended Dietary Allowances and evaluation of nutritional risks. Daily protein intake ranging from .2 to 5 gm/kg of body weight has been measured in different societies. WHO recommended 1.3 gm, but this norm has changed through time, and it is currently believed that total caloric intake is more important in insuring adequate growth. Food supplementation programs based on protein have generally failed. For most societies, the diet is varied enough to contain a sufficient portion of essential nutrients. Specific lacks have often been noted under very artificial conditions such as on ships at sea or in prisons. A reduction of body format may be biologically fixed quantity of food. The population of Mexico represents 24% of that of the US in individuals but only 17% in body mass. Clinical methods allow signs of deficiency at an earlier phase of development has been costly and disappointing. Anthropometry, which is sensitive, easy, and inexpensive, has been found to be the most appropriate method for nutritional screening in public health. The 4 essential measurements proposed by the WHO to assess nutritional status are weight, height, arm circumference, and tricepital as well as for excess feeding and obesity are all based on anthropometry. Nutritional risks appear especially heightened when traditional ways of life are modified by social forces as in urbanization or by introduction of a new food, as with potatoes in Ireland.
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PMID:[Nutrition and anthropobiology]. 1228 30


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